Authentication Cheat Sheet

= Introduction =

Authentication is the process of verification that an individual or an entity is who it claims to be. Authentication is commonly performed by submitting a user name or ID and one or more items of private information that only a given user should know.

Session Management is a process by which a server maintains the state of an entity interacting with it. This is required for a server to remember how to react to subsequent requests throughout a transaction. Sessions are maintained on the server by a session identifier which can be passed back and forward between the client and server when transmitting and receiving requests. Sessions should be unique per user and computationally very difficult to predict.

For more information on Authentication, please see the OWASP Guide to Authentication page.

= Authentication General Guidelines =

Implement Proper Password Strength Controls
A key concern when using passwords for authentication is password strength. A "strong" password policy makes it difficult or even improbable for one to guess the password either by using manual or automated means. The following characteristics define strong a strong password:

Password Length
Longer passwords provide a greater combination of characters and consequently make it more difficult for an attacker to guess.


 * Minimum length of the passwords should be enforced by the application.
 * Passwords shorter than 10 characters are considered to be weak.

While minimum length enforcement may cause problems with memorizing passwords among some users, applications should encourage them to set passphrases (sentences or combination of words) that can be much longer than typical passwords and yet much easier to remember.


 * Maximum password length should not be set too low, as it will prevent users from creating passphrases. Typical maximum length is 128 characters.
 * Passphrases shorter than 20 characters are usually considered weak, if they only consist from lower case Latin characters.

Password complexity
Applications should enforce password complexity rules to discourage setting trivial and easy to guess passwords. Password change application should allow a combination of complexity criteria to be select by the user within a minimum, required set. For example:


 * Password must match 3 out of the following 4 complexity rules
 * at least 1 uppercase character (A-Z)
 * at least 1 lowercase character (a-z)
 * at least 1 digit (0-9)
 * at least 1 special character (!"£$%&amp;...) &mdash; do not forget to treat space as special characters (common in passphrases)
 * at least 10 characters
 * at most 128 characters
 * not more than 2 identical characters in a row (1111)

Implement Secure Password Recovery Mechanism
It is common for an application to have a mechanism that provides a means for a user to gain access to their account in the event they forget their password. Please see https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Forgot_Password_Cheat_Sheet for details on this feature.

Require re-authentication for Sensitive Features
In order to mitigate CSRF and session hijacking, it's important to require the current credentials for an account before updating sensitive account information such as the user's password, users email, or before sensitive transactions, such as shipping a purchase to a new address. Without this countermeasure an attacker may be able to execute sensitive transactions through a CSRF or XSS attack, without needing to know the user's current credentials. Additionally an attacker may get temporary physical access to a user's browser or by using a session riding attack.

Utilize Multi-Factor Authentication
Multifactor factor authentication (MFA) is using more than one of to logon or process a transaction:


 * Something you know (account details or passwords)
 * Something you have (tokens or mobile phones)
 * Something you are (biometrics)

Authentication schemes such as One Time Passwords (OTP) implemented using a hardware token can also be key in fighting attacks such as CSRF and client-side malware. A number of hardware tokens suitable for MFA are available on the market that allow good integration with web applications.

Authentication and Error Messages
Incorrectly implemented error messages in the case of authentication functionality can be used for the purposes of user ID and password enumeration. An application should respond (both HTTP and HTML) in a generic manner.

Authentication responses
An application should respond with a generic error message regardless if the user ID or password was incorrect. It should also give no indication to the status of an existing account.

Incorrect responses examples

 * "Login for User foo: invalid password"
 * "Login failed, invalid user ID"
 * "Login failed; account disabled"
 * "Login failed; this user is not active"

Correct response example

 * "Login failed; Invalid user ID or password"

The correct response does not indicate if the user ID or password is the incorrect parameter and hence inferring a valid user ID.

Error Codes and URL's
The application may return a different HTTP Error code depending on the authentication attempt response. It may respond with a 200 for a positive result and a 403 for a negative result. Even though a generic error page is shown to a user, the HTTP response code may differ which can indicate a signature.

Transmit Passwords Only Over TLS
See: "Transport Layer Protection Cheat Sheet"

http://www.owasp.org/index.php/Transport_Layer_Protection_Cheat_Sheet

"The login page and all subsequent authenticated pages must be exclusively accessed over TLS. The initial login page, referred to as the "login landing page", must be served over TLS. Failure to utilize TLS for the login landing page allows an attacker to modify the login form action, causing the user's credentials to be posted to an arbitrary location. Failure to utilize TLS for authenticated pages after the login enables an attacker to view the unencrypted session ID and compromise the user's authenticated session."

Implement Account Lockout
If an attacker is able to guess passwords without the account becoming disabled due to failed authentication attempts, the attacker has an opportunity to continue with a brute force attack until the account is compromised.

Automating brute-force/password guessing attacks on web applications is a trivial challenge. Password lockout mechanisms should be employed that lock out an account if more than a preset number of unsuccessful login attempts are made.

Password lockout mechanisms have a logical weakness. An attacker that undertakes a large numbers of authentication attempts on known account names can produce a result that locks out entire blocks of application users accounts.

Given that the intent of a password lockout system is to protect from brute-force attacks, a sensible strategy is to lockout accounts for a number of hours. This significantly slows down attackers, while allowing the accounts to be open for legitimate users.

= Session Management General Guidelines =

Session management is directly related to authentication. The Session Management General Guidelines previously available on this OWASP Authentication Cheat Sheet have been integrated into the new OWASP Session Management Cheat Sheet.

= Password Managers =

Password managers are programs, browser plugins or web services that automate management of large number of different credentials, including memorizing and filling-in, generating random passwords on different sites etc. The web application can help password managers by:


 * using standard HTML forms for username and password input,
 * not using multi-stage login schemes (username on first screen, then password),
 * not using highly scripted (JavaScript) authentication schemes.

= Authors and Primary Editors =

Eoin Keary eoinkeary[at]owasp.org

= Other Cheatsheets =