Blind SQL Injection

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Overview
When an attacker executes SQL Injection attacks, sometimes the server responds with error messages from the database server complaining that the SQL Query's syntax is incorrect. Blind SQL injection is identical to normal SQL Injection except that when an attacker attempts to exploit an application, rather then getting a useful error message, they get a generic page specified by the developer instead. This makes exploiting a potential SQL Injection attack more difficult but not impossible. An attacker can still steal data by asking a series of True and False questions through SQL statements.

Threat Modeling

 * SQL injection attacks allow attackers to spoof identity, tamper with existing data, cause repudiation issues such as voiding transactions or changing balances, allow the complete disclosure of all data on the system, destroy the data or make it otherwise unavailable, and become administrators of the database server.
 * SQL Injection is very common with PHP and ASP applications due to the prevalence of older functional interfaces. Due to the nature of programmatic interfaces available, J2EE and ASP.NET applications are less likely to have easily exploited SQL injections.
 * The severity of SQL Injection attacks is limited by the attacker’s skill and imagination, and to a lesser extent, defense in depth countermeasures, such as low privilege connections to the database server and so on. In general, consider SQL Injection a high impact severity.

How to Avoid SQL Injection Vulnerabilities
See the OWASP Guide article on how to Avoid SQL Injection Vulnerabilities.

How to Avoid SQL Injection Vulnerabilities
See the OWASP Code Review Guide article on how to Review Code for SQL Injection Vulnerabilities.

How to Test for SQL Injection Vulnerabilities
See the OWASP Testing Guide article on how to Test for SQL Injection Vulnerabilities.

Examples
Verification whether sended request returned True or False the attacker may conduct in a few ways:

(in)visible content
Having a simple page, which displays article with given ID as the parameter, the attacker may perform a couple simple tests if a page is vulnerable to SQL Injection attack.

Example URL: http://newspaper.com/items.php?id=2 sends the following query to the database: SELECT title, description, body FROM items WHERE ID = 2  The attacker may try to inject any (even invalid) query, what should cause to return no results by the query: http://newspaper.com/items.php?id=2 and 1=2 Now the SQL query should looks like that: SELECT title, description, body FROM items WHERE ID = 2 and 1=2 What means that query is not going to return anything.

If the web application is vulnerable to SQL Injection, then it probably will not return anything. To make sure the attacker will certainly inject a valid query: http://newspaper.com/items.php?id=2 and 1=1 If the content of the page will be the same, then the attacker is able to distinguish when the query is True of False.

What next? The only limitations are privileges set up by the database administrator, different SQL dialects and finally the attacker's imagination.

RDBMS fingerprinting
If the attacker is able to determine when his query returns True or False, then he may fingerprint the RDBMS. This will make the whole attack much easier to him. One of the most popular method to do it, is to call functions, which will return the current date. MySQL, MS SQL or Oracle have different functions for that, respectively now, getdate, and sysdate.

Timing Attack
a Timing Attack depends upon injecting the following MySQL query: SELECT IF(expression, true, false) Using some time taking operation e.g. BENCHMARK, will delay server responses if the expression will be True.

BENCHMARK(5000000,ENCODE('MSG','by 5 seconds')) - will execute 5000000 times the ENCODE function.

Depending on the database server performence and its load, it should take just a moment to finish this operation. The important thing is, from the attacker's point of view, to specify high number of BENCHMARK function repetitons, which should affect in a noticeable way the server response time.

Examplary combination of both queries: 1 UNION SELECT IF(SUBSTRING(user_password,1,1) = CHAR(50),BENCHMARK(5000000,ENCODE('MSG','by 5 seconds')),null) FROM users WHERE user_id = 1; If the server response was quite long we may expect, that the first user password character with user_id = 1 is character '2'. (CHAR(50) == '2') Using this method for the rest of characters it's possible to get to know entire password stored in the database. This method works even when the attacker injects the SQL queries and the content of the vulnerable page is doesn't change.

Obviously in this example the names of the tables and the number of columns was specified. However it's possible to guess them or check with trial and error method.

Different databases than MySQL also have implemented functions, which allow to use timing attacks:
 * MS SQL 'WAIT FOR DELAY '0:0:10''
 * PostgreSQL - pg_sleep

Conducting Blind_SQL_Injection attacks manually is very time consuming. There are a lot of tools which automate this process. One of them is SQLMap (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net/) developed within OWASP grant program. On the other hand, tools of this kind are very sensitive to even small deviations from the rule. This includes:
 * scanning othe WWW cluster, where clocks are not ideally synchronized,
 * WWW services where argument acquiring method was changed, e.g. from /index.php?ID=10 to /ID,10

Related Threat Agents

 * Category:Command Execution

Related Attacks

 * Blind_XPath_Injection
 * SQL_Injection
 * XPATH_Injection
 * LDAP_injection
 * Server-Side_Includes_%28SSI%29_Injection

Related Vulnerabilities

 * Injection_problem

Related Controls

 * Category:Input Validation