Benchmark

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OWASP Benchmark Project
The OWASP Benchmark for Security Automation (OWASP Benchmark) is a test suite designed to evaluate the speed, coverage, and accuracy of automated vulnerability detection tools and services (henceforth simply referred to as 'tools'). Without the ability to measure these tools, it is difficult to understand their strengths and weaknesses, and compare them to each other. The OWASP Benchmark contains over 20,000 test cases that are fully runnable and exploitable.

You can use the OWASP Benchmark with Static Application Security Testing (SAST) tools, Dynamic Application Security Testing (DAST) tools like OWASP ZAP and Interactive Application Security Testing (IAST) tools. The current version of the Benchmark is implemented in Java. Future versions may expand to include other languages.

Benchmark Project Philosophy
Security tools (SAST, DAST, and IAST) are amazing when they find a complex vulnerability in your code. But with widespread misunderstanding of the specific vulnerabilities automated tools cover, end users are often left with a false sense of security.

We are on a quest to measure just how good these tools are at discovering and properly diagnosing security problems in applications. We rely on the long history of military and medical evaluation of detection technology as a foundation for our research. Therefore, the test suite tests both real and fake vulnerabilities.

There are four possible test outcomes in the Benchmark:


 * 1) Tool correctly identifies a real vulnerability (True Positive - TP)
 * 2) Tool fails to identify a real vulnerability (False Negative - FN)
 * 3) Tool correctly ignores a false alarm (True Negative - TN)
 * 4) Tool fails to ignore a false alarm (False Positive - FP)

We can learn a lot about a tool from these four metrics. Consider a tool that simply flags every line of code as vulnerable. This tool will perfectly identify all vulnerabilities! But it will also have 100% false positives and thus adds no value. Similarly, consider a tool that reports absolutely nothing. This tool will have zero false positives, but will also identify zero real vulnerabilities and is also worthless. You can even imagine a tool that flips a coin to decide whether to report whether each test case contains a vulnerability. The result would be 50% true positives and 50% false positives. We need a way to distinguish valuable security tools from these trivial ones.

If you imagine the line that connects all these points, from 0,0 to 100,100 establishes a line that roughly translates to "random guessing." The ultimate measure of a security tool is how much better it can do than this line. The diagram below shows how we will evaluate security tools against the Benchmark.



Benchmark Validity
The Benchmark tests are not exactly like real applications. The tests are derived from coding patterns observed in real applications, but the majority of them are considerably simpler than real applications. That is, most real world applications will be considerably harder to successfully analyze than the OWASP Benchmark Test Suite. Although the tests are based on real code, it is possible that some tests may have coding patterns that don't occur frequently in real code.

Remember, we are trying to test the capabilities of the tools and make them explicit, so that users can make informed decisions about what tools to use, how to use them, and what results to expect. This is exactly aligned with the OWASP mission to make application security visible.

Benchmark Scoring and Reporting Results
We encourage both vendors, open source tools, and end users to verify their application security tools against the Benchmark. We encourage everyone to contribute their results to the project. In order to ensure that the results are fair and useful, we ask that you follow a few simple rules when publishing results. We won't recognize any results that aren't easily reproducible.


 * 1) Provide an easily reproducible procedure (script preferred) to run the tool on the Benchmark, including:
 * 2) A description of the default “out-of-the-box” installation, version numbers, etc…
 * 3) All configuration, tailoring, onboarding, etc… performed to make the tool run
 * 4) All changes to default security rules, tests, or checks used to achieve the results
 * 5) Easily reproducible steps to run the tool
 * 6) Scripts to generate results in the format below
 * 7) Results should be in the following table format and provide details for each category of tests, as well as overall statistics.

Code Repo and Build/Run Instructions
See the Getting Started and Getting, Building, and Running the Benchmark sections on the Documentation tab.

Licensing
The OWASP Benchmark is free to use under the GNU General Public License v2.0.

Mailing List
OWASP Benchmark Mailing List

Project Leaders
Dave Wichers [mailto:dave.wichers@owasp.org @]

Project References

 * Software Assurance Marketplace (SWAMP) - set of curated packages to test tools against
 * SAMATE List of Test Collections

Related Projects

 * NSA's Juliet for Java
 * WAVESEP


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Quick Download
All test code and project files can be downloaded from OWASP GitHub.

News and Events

 * Aug 15, 2015 - DAST Support with Benchmark Version 1.2beta Released. Checkmarx and ZAP scorecard generators also released.
 * July 10, 2015 - Benchmark Scorecard generator and open source scorecards released
 * May 23, 2015 - Benchmark Version 1.1 Released
 * April 15, 2015 - Benchmark Version 1.0 Released

Classifications

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= Test Cases =

Version 1.0 of the Benchmark was published on April 15, 2015 and had 20,983 test cases. On May 23, 2015, version 1.1 of the Benchmark was released. The 1.1 release improves on the previous version by making sure that there are both true positives and false positives in every vulnerability area. Version 1.2beta was released on August 15, 2015.

Version 1.2 and forward of the Benchmark is a fully executable web application, which means it is scannable by any kind of vulnerability detection tool. The 1.2beta has been limited to slightly less than 3,000 test cases, to make it easier for DAST tools to scan it (so it doesn't take so long and they don't run out of memory, or blow up the size of their database). The final 1.2 release is expected to be at least 5,000 or possibly 10,000 test cases, after we determine that the popular DAST scanners can handle that size. The 1.2beta release covers the same vulnerability areas that 1.1 covers. We added a few Spring database SQL Injection tests, but thats it. The bulk of the work was turning each test case into something that actually runs correctly AND is fully exploitable, and then generating a UI on top of it that works in order to turn the test cases into a real running application.

Given 1.2beta is temporary, we aren't updating the chart below. You can still download the version 1.1 release of the Benchmark by cloning the release marked with the GIT tag '1.1'.

The test case areas and quantities for the 1.1 release are:

Each Benchmark version comes with a spreadsheet that lists every test case, the vulnerability category, the CWE number, and the expected result (true finding/false positive). Look for the file: expectedresults-VERSION#.csv in the project root directory.

Every test case is:
 * a servlet or JSP (currently they are all servlets, but we plan to add JSPs soon)
 * either a true vulnerability or a false positive for a single issue

The benchmark is intended to help determine how well analysis tools correctly analyze a broad array of application and framework behavior, including:


 * HTTP request and response problems
 * Simple and complex data flow
 * Simple and complex control flow
 * Popular frameworks
 * Inversion of control
 * Reflection
 * Class loading
 * Annotations
 * Popular UI technologies (particularly JavaScript frameworks)

Not all of these are yet tested by the Benchmark but future enhancements intend to provide more coverage of these issues.

Additional future enhancements could cover:
 * All vulnerability types in the OWASP Top 10
 * Does the tool find flaws in libraries?
 * Does the tool find flaws spanning custom code and libraries?
 * Does tool handle web services? REST, XML, GWT, etc…
 * Does tool work with different app servers? Java platforms?

Example Test Case
Each test case is a simple Java EE servlet. BenchmarkTest00001 in version 1.0 of the Benchmark was an LDAP Injection test with the following metadata in the accompanying BenchmarkTest00001.xml file:

 ldapi 00001 true 90  

BenchmarkTest00001.java in the OWASP Benchmark 1.0 simply reads in all the cookie values, looks for a cookie named "foo", and uses the value of this cookie when performing an LDAP query. Here's the code for BenchmarkTest00001.java:

package org.owasp.benchmark.testcode; import java.io.IOException; import javax.servlet.ServletException; import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; @WebServlet("/BenchmarkTest00001") public class BenchmarkTest00001 extends HttpServlet { private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; @Override public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { doPost(request, response); } 	@Override public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { // some code javax.servlet.http.Cookie[] cookies = request.getCookies; String param = null; boolean foundit = false; if (cookies != null) { for (javax.servlet.http.Cookie cookie : cookies) { if (cookie.getName.equals("foo")) { param = cookie.getValue; foundit = true; } 			}  			if (!foundit) { // no cookie found in collection param = ""; } 		} else { // no cookies param = ""; } 		try { javax.naming.directory.DirContext dc = org.owasp.benchmark.helpers.Utils.getDirContext; Object[] filterArgs = {"a","b"}; dc.search("name", param, filterArgs, new javax.naming.directory.SearchControls); } catch (javax.naming.NamingException e) { throw new ServletException(e); } 	}  }

= Tool Results =

The results for 4 free tools, PMD, FIndBugs, FindBugs with the FindSecBugs plugin, and ZAP are now available here against version 1.2beta of the Benchmark: https://rawgit.com/OWASP/Benchmark/master/scorecard/OWASP_Benchmark_Home.html

We have computed results for all the following tools, but are prohibited from publicly releasing the results for any commercial tools due to their licensing restrictions against such publication.

The Benchmark can generate results for the following tools:

Free Dynamic Analysis Tools (DAST):


 * Arachni
 * OWASP ZAP

Commercial Dynamic Analysis Tools (DAST):


 * Burp Pro

If you have access to other DAST Tools, PLEASE RUN THEM FOR US against the Benchmark, and send us the results file so we can build a scorecard generator for that tool.

Free Static Analysis Tools (SAST):


 * PMD (which really has no security rules)
 * Findbugs
 * FindBugs with the FindSecurityBugs plugin
 * SonarQube

Note: We looked into supporting Checkstyle and Error Prone but neither of these free static analysis tools have any security rules, so they would both score all zeroes, just like PMD.

Commercial Static Analysis Tools (SAST):


 * Checkmarx CxSAST
 * Coverity Code Advisor (On-Demand and stand-alone versions)
 * HP Fortify (On-Demand and stand-alone versions)
 * IBM AppScan Source
 * Parasoft Jtest
 * Veracode SAST

We are looking for results for other commercial static analysis tools like: Grammatech CodeSonar, Klocwork, etc. If you have a license for any static analysis tool not already listed above and can run it on the Benchmark and send us the results file that would be very helpful.

The free SAST tools come bundled with the Benchmark so you can run them yourselves. If you have a license for any commercial SAST tool, you can also run them against the Benchmark. Just put your results files in the /results folder of the project, and then run the BenchmarkScore script for your platform (.sh / .bat) and it will generate a scorecard in the /scorecard directory for all the tools you have results for that are currently supported.

'''WARNING: If you generate results for a commercial tool, be careful who you distribute it to. Each tool has its own license defining when any results it produces can be released/made public. It is likely to be against the terms of a commercial tool's license to publicly release that tool's score against the OWASP Benchmark. The OWASP Benchmark project takes no responsibility if someone else releases such results.''' It is for just this reason that the Benchmark project isn't releasing such results itself.

The project has automated test harnesses for these vulnerability detection tools, so we can repeatably run the tools against each version of the Benchmark and automatically produce scorecards in our desired format.

We want to test as many tools as possible against the Benchmark. If you are:


 * A tool vendor and want to participate in the project
 * Someone who wants to help score a free tool agains the project
 * Someone who has a license to a commercial tool and the terms of the license allow you to publish tool results, and you want to participate

please let [mailto:dave.wichers@owasp.org me] know!

= Documentation =

What is in the Benchmark?
The Benchmark is a Java Maven project. Its primary component is thousands of test cases (e.g., BenchmarkTest00001.java), each of which is a single Java servlet that contains a single vulnerability (either a true positive or false positive). The vulnerabilities span about a dozen different types currently and are expected to expand significantly in the future.

An expectedresults.csv is published with each version of the Benchmark (e.g., expectedresults-1.1.csv) and it specifically lists the expected results for each test case. Here’s what the first two rows in this file looks like for version 1.1 of the Benchmark:

BenchmarkTest00001	crypto		TRUE			327
 * 1) test name		category	real vulnerability	CWE	Benchmark version: 1.1	2015-05-22

This simply means that the first test case is a crypto test case (use of weak cryptographic algorithms), this is a real vulnerability (as opposed to a false positive), and this issue maps to CWE 327. It also indicates this expected results file is for Benchmark version 1.1 (produced May 22, 2015). There is a row in this file for each of the tens of thousands of test cases in the Benchmark. Each time a new version of the Benchmark is published, a new corresponding results file is generated and each test case can be completely different from one version to the next.

The Benchmark also comes with a bunch of different utilities, commands, and prepackaged open source security analysis tools, all of which can be executed through Maven goals, including:


 * Open source vulnerability detection tools to be run against the Benchmark
 * A scorecard generator, which computes a scorecard for each of the tools you have results files for.

What Can You Do With the Benchmark?

 * Compile all the software in the Benchmark project (e.g., mvn compile)
 * Run a static vulnerability detection tool against the Benchmark test case code to generate a results file for that tool.
 * These prepackaged open source tools have Maven goals for running these tools on the Benchmark. The following open source tools are currently supported:
 * PMD
 * FindBugs
 * FindBugs with the FindSecurityBugs extension for FindBugs
 * SonaryQube (support coming soon)


 * Scan a running version of the Benchmark (runBenchmark.sh/.bat) with a dynamic application security testing tool (DAST):
 * Arachni
 * OWASP ZAP
 * Any other tool you have access to like Burp Pro, WebInspect, AppScan, Accunetix, etc...


 * Generate scorecards for each of the tools you have results files for. In addition to supporting the open source tools listed above, scorecards for the following commercial tools can also be generated:
 * Commercial SAST Tools
 * Checkmarx CxSAST
 * Coverity Code Advisor
 * HP Fortify
 * IBM AppScan Source
 * Parasoft Jtest
 * Veracode SAST
 * Commercial DAST Tools
 * Burp Pro

The Benchmark project team can quickly generate new scorecard generators for other static analysis tools. We just don’t have access to any other licenses at this time in order to run them against the Benchmark. If you have a license, and can send us a tool generated results file, please send it to us, and we’ll generate a scorecard generator for it so that tool is now formally supported by the project.

Getting Started
Before downloading or using the Benchmark make sure you have the following installed and configured properly:

GIT: http://git-scm.com/ or https://github.com/ Maven: https://maven.apache.org/ (Version: 3.2.3 or newer works. We heard that 3.0.5 throws an error.) Java: http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/index.html (Java 7 or 8) (64-bit) - Takes ALOT of memory to compile the Benchmark.

Getting, Building, and Running the Benchmark
To download and build everything:

$ git clone https://github.com/OWASP/benchmark $ cd benchmark $ mvn compile  (This compiles it) $ runBenchmark.sh/.bat - This compiles and runs it.

Then navigate to: https://localhost:8443/benchmark/ to go to its home page. It uses a self signed SSL certificate, so you'll get a security warning when you hit the home page.

Note: We have set the Benchmark app to use up to 6 Gig of RAM, which it may need when it is fully scanned by a DAST scanner. The DAST tool probably also requires 3+ Gig of RAM. As such, we recommend having a 16 Gig machine if you are going to try to run a full DAST scan. And at least 4 or ideally 8 Gig if you are going to play around with the running Benchmark app.

Running Analysis Tools Against the Benchmark
There are scripts for running each of the free SAST vulnerability detection tools included with the Benchmark against the Benchmark test cases. On Linux, you might have to make them executable (e.g., chmod 755 *.sh) before you can run them.

Generating Test Results for PMD:

$ runPMD.sh (Linux) or runPMD.bat (Windows)

Generating Test Results for FindBugs:

$ runFindBugs.sh (Linux) or runFindBugs.bat (Windows)

Generating Test Results for FindBugs with the FindSecBugs plugin:

$ runFindSecBugs.sh (Linux) or runFindSecBugs.bat (Windows)

In each case, the script will generate a results file and put it in the /results directory. For example:

Benchmark_1.1-findbugs-v3.0.1-1026.xml

This results file name is carefully constructed to mean the following: It's a results file against the OWASP Benchmark version 1.1, FindBugs was the analysis tool, it was version 3.0.1 of FindBugs, and it took 1026 seconds to run the analysis.

NOTE: If you create a results file yourself, by running a commercial tool for example, you can add the version # and the compute time to the filename just like this and the Benchmark Scorecard generator will pick this information up and include it in the generated scorecard. If you don't, depending on what metadata is included in the tool results, the Scorecard generator might do this automatically anyway.

Generating Scorecards
The application BenchmarkScore is included with the Benchmark. It parses the output files generated by security tools run against the Benchmark and compares them against the expected results, and produces a set of web pages that detail the accuracy and speed of the tools involved.

BenchmarkScore includes parsers for results files from these tools:

Free SAST:
 * FindBugs (.xml)
 * FindSecBugs (.xml)
 * PMD (.xml)
 * SonarQube (.json and legacy .xml)

Commercial SAST:
 * Checkmarx CxSAST (.xml)
 * Coverity Code Advisor (.json)
 * HP Fortify (both .fpr and .fvdl files)
 * IBM Appscan Source (.ozasmt)
 * Parasoft Jtest (.xml)
 * Veracode SAST (.xml)

Free DAST:
 * Arachni (.xml)
 * OWASP ZAP (.xml)

Commercial DAST:
 * Burp Pro (.xml)
 * IBM Appscan Dynamic (.xml)

The following command will compute a BenchmarkScore for all the results files in the /results directory:

createScorecard.sh (Linux) or createScorecard.bat (Windows)

We recommend including the BenchmarkScore version number in any results file, in order to help prevent mismatches between the expected results and the actual results files. A tool will not score well against the wrong expected results.

'''WARNING: If you generate results for a commercial tool, be careful who you distribute it to. Each tool has its own license defining when any results it produces can be released/made public. It is likely to be against the terms of a commercial tool's license to publicly release that tool's score against the OWASP Benchmark. The OWASP Benchmark project takes no responsibility if someone else releases such results.''' It is for just this reason that the Benchmark project isn't releasing such results itself.

= RoadMap =

Benchmark v1.0 - Released April 15, 2015 - This initial release included over 20,000 test cases in 11 different vulnerability categories. As this initial version was not a runnable application, it was only suitable for assessing static analysis tools (SAST).

Benchmark v1.1 - Released May 23, 2015 - This update fixed some inaccurate test cases, and made sure that every vulnerability area included both True Positives and False Positives.

Benchmark Scorecard Generator - Released July 10, 2015 - The ability to automatically and repeatably produce a scorecard of how well tools do against the Benchmark was released for most of the SAST tools supported by the Benchmark. Scorecards present graphical as well as statistical data on how well a tool does against the Benchmark down to the level of detail of how exactly it did against each individual test in the Benchmark. The latest public scorecards are available at:  Support for producing scorecards for additional tools is being added frequently and the current full set is documented on the Tool Results and Documentation tabs of this wiki.

Benchmark v1.2beta - Released Jul 10, 2015 - The 1st release of a fully runnable version of the Benchmark to support assessing all types of vulnerability detection and prevention technologies, including DAST, IAST, RASP, WAFs, etc. (This version has been updated with minor fixes numerous times since its initial release). This involved creating a user interface for every test case, and enhancing each test case to make sure its actually exploitable, not just uses something that is theoretically weak. This release is under 3,000 test cases to make it practical to scan the entire Benchmark with a DAST tool in a reasonable amount of time, with commodity hardware specs. The next release is expected to be larger, but we aren't sure how large. Maybe more like 5,000 or even 10,000 test cases.

Next Release --> Benchmark 1.2 - We are currently working with a number of DAST tool developers, getting their feedback on the size, accuracy, and other characteristics of the Benchmark and making agreed to improvements. Once we get a sufficient amount of performance and accuracy data we'll be able to decide what size the Benchmark should be to support DAST and SAST assessments and release a final 1.2 version. We'll then have to rerun all the tools against this version to get a baseline set of results to compare against each other.

Post Benchmark 1.2 steps:

While we don't have hard and fast rules of exactly what we are going to do next, enhancements in the following areas are goals for the project:


 * Add new vulnerability categories
 * Add support for popular server side Java frameworks (since the Benchmark is written in Java)
 * Add support for popular client side JavaScript frameworks
 * Add support for scorecard generation for additional tools (a continuous goal)

We also plan to do a bunch of data analysis on the results in order to see if we can learn and report some interesting things about the strengths and weaknesses of vulnerability analysis tools of all different types.

= Acknowledgements =

The following people have contributed to this project and their contributions are much appreciated!


 * Juan Gama - Development of initial release and continued support
 * Ken Prole - Assistance with automated scorecard development using CodeDx
 * Nick Sanidas - Development of initial release

We are looking for volunteers. Please contact [mailto:dave.wichers@owasp.org Dave Wichers] if you are interested in contributing new test cases, tool results run against the benchmark, or anything else.