Reviewing MySQL Security

Introduction
As part of the code review, you may need to step outside the code review box to assess the security of a database such as MySQL. The following covers areas which could be looked at.

Privileges
Grant_priv: Allows users to grant privileges to other users. This should be appropriately restricted to the DBA and Data (Table) owners. Select * from user where Grant_priv = 'Y'; Select * from db where Grant_priv = 'Y'; Select * from host where Grant_priv = 'Y'; Select * from tables_priv where Table_priv = 'Grant';

Alter_priv: Determine who has access to make changes to the database structure (alter privilege) at a global, database, and table level.

Select * from user where Alter_priv = 'Y'; Select * from db where Alter _priv = 'Y'; Select * from host where Alter_priv = 'Y'; Select * from tables_priv where Table_priv = 'Alter';

MySQL Configuration File
Check for the following:

a) skip-grant-tables b) safe-show-database c) safe-user-create

a) This option causes the server not to use the privilege system at all. All users have full access to all tables.

b) When the SHOW DATABASES command is executed, it returns only those databases for which the user has some kind of privilege. Default since MySQL v4.0.2.

c) With this enabled a user can't create new users with the GRANT command as long as the user does not have the INSERT privilege for the mysql.user table.

User Privileges
Here we can check which users have access to perform potentially malicious actions on the database. "Least privilege" is the key point here:

Select * from user where Select_priv = 'Y' or Insert_priv  = 'Y' or Update_priv = 'Y' or Delete_priv  = 'Y' or Create_priv = 'Y' or Drop_priv    = 'Y' or Reload_priv = 'Y' or Shutdown_priv = 'Y' or Process_priv = 'Y' or File_priv    = 'Y' or Grant_priv   = 'Y' or References_priv = ‘Y' or Index_priv = 'Y' or Alter_priv = 'Y';

Select * from host where Select_priv = 'Y' or Insert_priv  = 'Y' or Create_priv = 'Y' or Drop_priv    = 'Y' or Index_priv = 'Y' or Alter_priv = 'Y'; or Grant_priv  = 'Y' or References_priv = ‘Y' or Update_priv = 'Y' or Delete_priv = 'Y'

Select * from db where Select_priv  = 'Y' or Insert_priv  = 'Y' or Grant_priv   = 'Y' or References_priv = ‘Y' or Update_priv = 'Y' or Delete_priv = 'Y' or Create_priv = 'Y' or Drop_priv    = 'Y' or Index_priv = 'Y' or Alter_priv = 'Y';

Default MySQL Accounts
The default account in MySQL is "root"/"root@localhost" with a blank password. We can check if the root account exists by:

SELECT User, Host FROM user WHERE User = 'root';

Set a password for "root" user. But don't run MySql as root. Create separate user for the Database connection with only required privileges.

Remote Access
MySQL by default listens on port 3306. If the app server is on localhost also, we can disable this port by adding skip-networking to the [mysqld] in the my.cnf file.