Fingerprint Web Application (OTG-INFO-009)

Summary
There is nothing new under the sun, and nearly every web application that one may think of developing has already been developed. With the vast number of free and open source software projects that are actively developed and deployed around the world, it is very likely that an application security test will face a target site that is entirely or partly dependent on these well known applications (e.g. Wordpress, phpBB, Mediawiki, etc). Knowing the web application components that are being tested significantly helps in the testing process and will also drastically reduce the effort required during the test. These well known web applications have known HTML headers, cookies, and directory structures that can be enumerated to identify the application.

Test Objectives
Identify the web application and version to determine known vulnerabilities and the appropriate exploits to use during testing.

Black Box Testing
The simplest and most basic form of identifying a web server is to look at the Server field in the HTTP response header. For our experiments we use netcat. Consider the following HTTP Request-Response: $ nc 202.41.76.251 80 HEAD / HTTP/1.0

HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Mon, 16 Jun 2003 02:53:29 GMT Server: Apache/1.3.3 (Unix) (Red Hat/Linux) Last-Modified: Wed, 07 Oct 1998 11:18:14 GMT ETag: "1813-49b-361b4df6" Accept-Ranges: bytes Content-Length: 1179 Connection: close Content-Type: text/html

From the Server field, we understand that the server is likely Apache, version 1.3.3, running on Linux operating system.

Four examples of the HTTP response headers are shown below.

From an Apache 1.3.23 server: HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Sun, 15 Jun 2003 17:10: 49 GMT Server: Apache/1.3.23 Last-Modified: Thu, 27 Feb 2003 03:48: 19 GMT ETag: 32417-c4-3e5d8a83 Accept-Ranges: bytes Content-Length: 196 Connection: close Content-Type: text/HTML

From a Microsoft IIS 5.0 server: HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: Microsoft-IIS/5.0 Expires: Yours, 17 Jun 2003 01:41: 33 GMT Date: Mon, 16 Jun 2003 01:41: 33 GMT Content-Type: text/HTML Accept-Ranges: bytes Last-Modified: Wed, 28 May 2003 15:32: 21 GMT ETag: b0aac0542e25c31: 89d Content-Length: 7369

From a Netscape Enterprise 4.1 server: HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: Netscape-Enterprise/4.1 Date: Mon, 16 Jun 2003 06:19: 04 GMT Content-type: text/HTML Last-modified: Wed, 31 Jul 2002 15:37: 56 GMT Content-length: 57 Accept-ranges: bytes Connection: close

From a SunONE 6.1 server: HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: Sun-ONE-Web-Server/6.1 Date: Tue, 16 Jan 2007 14:53:45 GMT Content-length: 1186 Content-type: text/html Date: Tue, 16 Jan 2007 14:50:31 GMT Last-Modified: Wed, 10 Jan 2007 09:58:26 GMT Accept-Ranges: bytes Connection: close

However, this testing methodology is not very good. There are several techniques that allow a web site to obfuscate or to modify the server banner string.

For example a tester could obtain the following answer: 403 HTTP/1.1 Forbidden Date: Mon, 16 Jun 2003 02:41: 27 GMT Server: Unknown-Webserver/1.0 Connection: close Content-Type: text/HTML; charset=iso-8859-1

In this case, the server field of that response is obfuscated and the tester cannot know what type of web server is running.

Protocol behavior
More refined techniques take in consideration various characteristics of the several web servers available on the market. The following sections list some methodologies that allow us to deduce the type of web server in use.

HTTP header field ordering

The first method consists of observing the order of the several headers in the response. Every web server has an inner order of the header. Consider the following answers as an example:

Response from Apache 1.3.23 $ nc apache.example.com 80 HEAD / HTTP/1.0

HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Sun, 15 Jun 2003 17:10: 49 GMT Server: Apache/1.3.23 Last-Modified: Thu, 27 Feb 2003 03:48: 19 GMT ETag: 32417-c4-3e5d8a83 Accept-Ranges: bytes Content-Length: 196 Connection: close Content-Type: text/HTML

Response from IIS 5.0 $ nc iis.example.com 80 HEAD / HTTP/1.0

HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: Microsoft-IIS/5.0 Content-Location: http://iis.example.com/Default.htm Date: Fri, 01 Jan 1999 20:13: 52 GMT Content-Type: text/HTML Accept-Ranges: bytes Last-Modified: Fri, 01 Jan 1999 20:13: 52 GMT ETag: W/e0d362a4c335be1: ae1 Content-Length: 133

Response from Netscape Enterprise 4.1 $ nc netscape.example.com 80 HEAD / HTTP/1.0

HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: Netscape-Enterprise/4.1 Date: Mon, 16 Jun 2003 06:01: 40 GMT Content-type: text/HTML Last-modified: Wed, 31 Jul 2002 15:37: 56 GMT Content-length: 57 Accept-ranges: bytes Connection: close

Response from a SunONE 6.1 $ nc sunone.example.com 80 HEAD / HTTP/1.0

HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: Sun-ONE-Web-Server/6.1 Date: Tue, 16 Jan 2007 15:23:37 GMT Content-length: 0 Content-type: text/html Date: Tue, 16 Jan 2007 15:20:26 GMT Last-Modified: Wed, 10 Jan 2007 09:58:26 GMT Connection: close

One can see that the ordering of the Date field and the Server field differs between Apache, Netscape Enterprise, and IIS.

Malformed requests test

Another useful test to execute involves sending malformed requests or requests of nonexistent pages to the server.Consider the following HTTP responses.

Response from Apache 1.3.23 $ nc apache.example.com 80 GET / HTTP/3.0

HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request Date: Sun, 15 Jun 2003 17:12: 37 GMT Server: Apache/1.3.23 Connection: close Transfer: chunked Content-Type: text/HTML; charset=iso-8859-1

Response from IIS 5.0 $ nc iis.example.com 80 GET / HTTP/3.0

HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: Microsoft-IIS/5.0 Content-Location: http://iis.example.com/Default.htm Date: Fri, 01 Jan 1999 20:14: 02 GMT Content-Type: text/HTML Accept-Ranges: bytes Last-Modified: Fri, 01 Jan 1999 20:14: 02 GMT ETag: W/e0d362a4c335be1: ae1 Content-Length: 133

Response from Netscape Enterprise 4.1 $ nc netscape.example.com 80 GET / HTTP/3.0

HTTP/1.1 505 HTTP Version Not Supported Server: Netscape-Enterprise/4.1 Date: Mon, 16 Jun 2003 06:04: 04 GMT Content-length: 140 Content-type: text/HTML Connection: close

Response from a SunONE 6.1 $ nc sunone.example.com 80 GET / HTTP/3.0

HTTP/1.1 400 Bad request Server: Sun-ONE-Web-Server/6.1 Date: Tue, 16 Jan 2007 15:25:00 GMT Content-length: 0 Content-type: text/html Connection: close

It is evident that every server answers in a different way. The answer also differs in the version of the server. Similar observations can be made when requests with a non-existent protocol are created. Consider the following responses:

Response from Apache 1.3.23 $ nc apache.example.com 80 GET / JUNK/1.0

HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Sun, 15 Jun 2003 17:17: 47 GMT Server: Apache/1.3.23 Last-Modified: Thu, 27 Feb 2003 03:48: 19 GMT ETag: 32417-c4-3e5d8a83 Accept-Ranges: bytes Content-Length: 196 Connection: close Content-Type: text/HTML

Response from IIS 5.0 $ nc iis.example.com 80 GET / JUNK/1.0

HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request Server: Microsoft-IIS/5.0 Date: Fri, 01 Jan 1999 20:14: 34 GMT Content-Type: text/HTML Content-Length: 87

Response from Netscape Enterprise 4.1 $ nc netscape.example.com 80 GET / JUNK/1.0

Bad request Bad request Your browser sent to query this server could not understand. 

Response from a SunONE 6.1 $ nc sunone.example.com 80 GET / JUNK/1.0

Bad request Bad request</H1> Your browser sent a query this server could not understand. </BODY></HTML>

Tools

 * httprint - http://net-square.com/httprint.html
 * httprecon - http://www.computec.ch/projekte/httprecon/
 * Netcraft - http://www.netcraft.com
 * Desenmascarame - http://desenmascara.me
 * Shodan - http://www.shodanhq.com
 * Nmap - http://nmap.org

Automated Testing
Rather than rely on manual bannering and analysis of the web server headers, a tester can use automated tools to achieve the same purpose. There are many tests to carry out in order to accurately fingerprint a web server. Luckily, there are tools that automate these tests. "httprint" is one of such tools. httprint has a signature dictionary that allows one to recognize the type and the version of the web server in use. An example of running httprint is shown below:



Nmap version detection offers a lot of advanced features that can help in determining services that are running on a given host. It obtains all data by connecting to open ports and interrogating them by using probes that the specific services understand. The following example shows how Nmap connected to port 80 in order to fingerprint the service and its current version

localhost$ nmap -sV example.com Starting Nmap 6.40 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2013-09-21 13:20 GST Nmap scan report for example.com (127.0.0.1) Host is up (0.028s latency). Not shown: 997 filtered ports PORT    STATE  SERVICE    VERSION 80/tcp  open   http       Microsoft IIS httpd 6.0 Service Info: OS: Windows; CPE: cpe:/o:microsoft:windows

Online Testing
Online tools can be used if the tester wishes to test more stealthily and doesn't wish to directly connect to the target website. An example of online tools that often deliver a lot of information on target Web Server are Netcraft and SHODAN.

With Netcraft the tester can retrieve information about operating system, web server used, Server Uptime, Netblock Owner, history of change related to Web server and O.S. An example is shown below:



SHODAN combines an HTTP port scanner with a search engine index of the HTTP responses, making it trivial to find specific web servers. Shodan collects data mostly on web servers at the moment (HTTP port 80), but there is also some data from FTP (21), SSH (22) Telnet (23), SNMP (161) and SIP (5060) services. An example is shown below:



OWASP Unmaskme Project is an online tool to perform fingerprinting on a website and provides an overall interpretation of all the Web-metadata extracted. The idea behind this project is that anyone in charge of a website could test the metadata their site is showing to the world and assess it from a security point of view. While this project is being developed, one can test a website at the Spanish Proof of Concept of this idea.

Vulnerability References
Whitepapers
 * Saumil Shah: "An Introduction to HTTP fingerprinting" - http://www.net-square.com/httprint_paper.html
 * Anant Shrivastava : "Web Application Finger Printing" - http://anantshri.info/articles/web_app_finger_printing.html
 * Nmap "Service and Application Version Detection" - http://nmap.org/book/vscan.html

Remediation
Protect the presentation layer web server behind a hardened reverse proxy.

Obfuscate the presentation layer web server headers.
 * Apache
 * IIS