Session Variable Overloading

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Vulnerabilities Table of Contents

Description
Session Variable Overloading (also known as Session Puzzling) is an application level vulnerability which can enable an attacker to perform a variety of malicious actions not limited to:
 * Bypass efficient authentication enforcement mechanisms, and impersonate legitimate users.
 * Elevate the privileges of a malicious user account, in an environment that would otherwise be considered foolproof.
 * Skip over qualifying phases in multiphase processes, even if the process includes all the commonly recommended code level restrictions.
 * Manipulate server-side values in indirect methods that cannot be predicted or detected.
 * Execute traditional attacks in locations that were previously unreachable, or even considered secure.

This vulnerability occurs when an application uses the same session variable for more than one purpose. An attacker can potentially access pages in an order unanticipated by the developers so that the session variable is set one one context and then used in another.

For example an attacker could use session variable overloading to bypass authentication enforcement mechanisms of applications that enforce authentication by validating the existence of session variables that contain identity–related values, which are usually stored in the session after a successful authentication process. The authentication bypass attack vector could be executed by accessing a publically accessible entry point (e.g. a password recovery page) that populates the session with an identical session variable, based on fixed values or on user originating input.

Environments Affected
All web servers, application servers, and web application environments are susceptible to session variable overloading.

How to Determine If You Are Vulnerable
The most effective way to detect these vulnerabilities is to enumerate all of the session variables used and in which context they are valid. In practice this can only be effectively done via a source code review.

Prevention
Session variables should only be used for a single consistant purpose.