OWASP Internet of Things Project

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OWASP Internet of Things (IoT) Project
Oxford defines the Internet of Things as: “A proposed development of the Internet in which everyday objects have network connectivity, allowing them to send and receive data.”

The OWASP Internet of Things Project is designed to help manufacturers, developers, and consumers better understand the security issues associated with the Internet of Things, and to enable users in any context to make better security decisions when building, deploying, or assessing IoT technologies.

The project looks to define a structure for various IoT sub-projects such as Attack Surface Areas, Testing Guides and Top Vulnerabilities.

Updated!
The OWASP IoT Project for 2018 has been released!

Philosophy
The OWASP Internet of Things Project was started in 2014 as a way help Developers, Manufacturers, Enterprises, and Consumers to make better decisions regarding the creation and use of IoT systems.

This continues today with the 2018 release of the OWASP IoT Top 10, which represents the top ten things to avoid when building, deploying, or managing IoT systems. The primary theme for the 2018 OWASP Internet of Things Top 10 is simplicity. Rather than having separate lists for risks vs. threats vs. vulnerabilities—or for developers vs. enterprises vs. consumers—the project team elected to have a single, unified list that captures the top things to avoid when dealing with IoT Security.

The team recognized that there are now dozens of organizations releasing elaborate guidance on IoT Security—all of which are designed for slightly different audiences and industry verticals. We thought the most useful resource we could create is a single list that addresses the highest priority issues for manufacturers, enterprises, and consumers at the same time.

The result is the 2018 OWASP IoT Top 10.

Methodology
The project team is a collection of volunteer professionals from within the security industry, with experience spanning multiple areas of expertise, including: manufacturers, consulting, security testers, developers, and many more.

The project was conducted in the following phases:
 * 1) Team Formation: finding people who would be willing to contribute to the 2018 update, both as SMEs and as project leaders to perform various tasks within the duration of the project.
 * 2) Project Review: analysis of the 2014 project to determine what’s changed in the industry since that release, and how the list should be updated given those changes.
 * 3) Data Collection: collection and review of multiple vulnerability sources (both public and private), with special emphasis on which issues caused the most actual impact and damage.
 * 4) Sister Project Review: a review of dozens of other IoT Security projects to ensure that we’d not missed something major and that we were comfortable with both the content and prioritization of our release. Examples included: CSA IoT Controls Matrix, CTIA, Stanford’s Secure Internet of Things Project, NISTIR 8200, ENISA IoT Baseline Report, Code of Practice for Consumer IoT Security, and others.
 * 5) Community Draft Feedback: release of the draft to the community for review, including multiple Twitter calls for comments, the use of a public feedback form, and a number of public talks where feedback was gathered. The feedback was then reviewed by the team along with initial Data Collection, as well as Sister Project Review, to create the list contents and prioritization.
 * 6) Release: release of the project to the public in December 2018.

The Future of the OWASP IoT Top 10
The team has a number of activities planned to continue improving on the project going forward.

Some of the items being discussed include:
 * Continuing to improve the list on a two-year cadence, incorporating feedback from the community and from additional project contributors to ensure we are staying current with issues facing the industry.
 * Mapping the list items to other OWASP projects, such as the ASVS, and perhaps to other projects outside OWASP as well.
 * Expanding the project into other aspects of IoT—including embedded security, ICS/ SCADA,etc.
 * Adding use and abuse cases, with multiple examples, to solidify each concept discussed.
 * Considering the addition of reference architectures, so we can not only tell people what to avoid, but how to do what they need to do securely.

Participation in the OWASP IoT Project is open to the community. We take input from all participants — whether you’re a developer, a manufacturer, a penetration tester, or someone just trying to implement IoT securely. You can find the team meeting every other Friday in the the #iot-security room of the OWASP Slack Channel.

The OWASP IoT Security Team, 2018

Licensing
The OWASP Internet of Things Project is free to use. It is licensed under the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 license], so you can copy, distribute and transmit the work, and you can adapt it, and use it commercially, but all provided that you attribute the work and if you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one.


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What is the OWASP Internet of Things Project?
The OWASP Internet of Things Project provides information on:


 * IoT Attack Surface Areas
 * IoT Vulnerabilities
 * Firmware Analysis
 * ICS/SCADA Software Weaknesses
 * Community Information
 * IoT Testing Guides
 * IoT Security Guidance
 * Principles of IoT Security
 * IoT Framework Assessment
 * Developer, Consumer and Manufacturer Guidance
 * Design Principles
 * IoTGoat

Project Leaders

 * Daniel Miessler
 * Craig Smith
 * Vishruta Rudresh
 * Aaron Guzman

Contributors

 * Justin Klein Keane
 * Saša Zdjelar

IoT Top 2018 Contributors

 * Vijayamurugan Pushpanathan
 * Alexander Lafrenz
 * Masahiro Murashima
 * Charlie Worrell
 * José A. Rivas (jarv)
 * Pablo Endres
 * Ade Yoseman
 * Cédric Levy-Bencheotn
 * Jason Andress
 * Amélie Didion - Designer

Related Projects

 * OWASP Project Repository
 * OWASP Mobile Security
 * OWASP Web Top 10
 * OWASP Embedded Application Security
 * OWASP C-based Toolchain Hardening


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Collaboration
The OWASP Slack Channel

Hint: If you're new to Slack, join OWASP's slack channel first, then join #iot-security within OWASP's channel.

Quick Download
OWASP IoT Top Ten 2018

Quick discussion on IoT

IoT Attack Surface Mapping DEFCON 23

IoT Testing Guidance Handout

OWASP IoT Top Ten 2014 PDF

OWASP IoT Top Ten 2014 Infographic

OWASP IoT Top Ten 2014 PPT

OWASP IoT Top Ten-RSA 2015

OWASP IoT Project Overview

News and Events

 * OWASP IoTGoat Project underway
 * IoT ASVS and Testing Guide set to kick off in 2019
 * Added a Slack channel
 * Added a sub-project; IoT Security Policy Project

Classifications

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= IoT Top 10 = 

Internet of Things (IoT) Top 10 2018
The OWASP IoT Top 10 - 2018 is now available.
 * I1 Weak Guessable, or Hardcoded Passwords


 * I2 Insecure Network Services


 * I3 Insecure Ecosystem Interfaces


 * I4 Lack of Secure Update Mechanism


 * I5 Use of Insecure or Outdated Components


 * I6 Insufficient Privacy Protection


 * I7 Insecure Data Transfer and Storage


 * I8 Lack of Device Management


 * I9 Insecure Default Settings


 * I10 Lack of Physical Hardening

Internet of Things (IoT) Top 10 2014

 * I1 Insecure Web Interface
 * I2 Insufficient Authentication/Authorization
 * I3 Insecure Network Services
 * I4 Lack of Transport Encryption
 * I5 Privacy Concerns
 * I6 Insecure Cloud Interface
 * I7 Insecure Mobile Interface
 * I8 Insufficient Security Configurability
 * I9 Insecure Software/Firmware
 * I10 Poor Physical Security

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IoT Top 10 2018 Mapping Project
The OWASP IoT Mapping Project is intended to provide a mapping of the OWASP IoT Top 10 2018 to industry publications and sister projects. The goal is to provide resources that enable practical uses for the OWASP IoT Top 10. As with all Top 10 lists, they should be used as a first step and expanded upon according to the applicable IoT ecosystem.

Mappings are structured with control categories, tests, or recommendations in the left column, descriptions in the middle column, and their mapping to the OWASP IoT Top 10 2018 list in the right column. Each mapping may not have a 1 to 1 relation; however, similar recommendations and/or controls are listed. For mappings that are not applicable to the IoT Top 10 2018 list, an "N/A" is provided as the mapping.

An example mapping of the IoT Top 10 2014 is provided below.



For additional mappings, please visit the following link: https://scriptingxss.gitbook.io/owasp-iot-top-10-mapping-project/


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What is the IoT Top 10 Mapping Project?
The OWASP IoT Mapping Project is intended to provide a mapping of the OWASP IoT Top 10 2018 to industry publications and sister projects. The goal is to provide resources that enable practical uses for the OWASP IoT Top 10. As with all Top 10 lists, they should be used as a first step and expanded upon according to the applicable IoT ecosystem.

Mappings include the following:
 * OWASP IoT Top 10 2014
 * GSMA IoT Security Assessment Checklist
 * Code of Practice (UK Government)
 * ENISA Baseline Security Recommendations for IoT

and more...

GitBook
Mappings are hosted on GitBook using the following link https://scriptingxss.gitbook.io/owasp-iot-top-10-mapping-project/

Project Leaders

 * Aaron Guzman

Collaboration
The Slack Channel


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= IoTGoat = 

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IoTGoat Project
IoT Goat is a deliberately insecure firmware based on OpenWrt. The project’s goal is to teach users about the most common vulnerabilities typically found in IoT devices. The vulnerabilities will be based on the top 10 vulnerabilities as documented by OWASP: https://www.owasp.org/index.php/OWASP_Internet_of_Things_Project. IoTGoat is expected to be released by December 2019.

To get more information on getting started or how to contribute, visit the project's Github: https://github.com/scriptingxss/IoTGoat


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What is the IoTGoat Project?
The IoTGoat Project is a deliberately insecure firmware based on OpenWrt. The project’s goal is to teach users about the most common vulnerabilities typically found in IoT devices. The vulnerabilities will be based on the IoT Top 10.

GitHub
https://github.com/scriptingxss/IoTGoat

Project Leaders

 * Aaron Guzman
 * Fotios Chantzis
 * Paulino Calderon

Related Projects

 * WebGoat
 * Serverless Goat
 * NodeGoat
 * RailsGoat

Collaboration
The Slack Channel

IoTGoat Google Group

Quick Download

 * Project Kick-off Slides
 * Project Kick-off Meeting
 * Project Task List

News and Events

 * Coming Soon


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ByteSweep Project
ByteSweep is a Free Software IoT security analysis platform. This platform will allow IoT device makers, large and small, to conduct fully automated security checks before they ship firmware. A Free Software IoT Firmware Security Analysis Platform

ByteSweep Features:
 * Firmware extraction
 * File data enrichment
 * Key and password hash identification
 * Unsafe function use detection
 * 3rd party component identification
 * CVE correlation


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What is the ByteSweep Project?
A Free Software IoT Firmware Security Analysis Platform.

GitLab
https://gitlab.com/bytesweep/bytesweep

Project Leaders

 * Matt Brown

Collaboration
The Slack Channel

Quick Download

 * https://gitlab.com/bytesweep/bytesweep/blob/master/INSTALL.md


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= IoT Attack Surface Areas =



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IoT Attack Surface Areas Project
The OWASP IoT Attack Surface Areas (DRAFT) are as follows:


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What is the IoT Attack Surface Areas Project?
The IoT Attack Surface Areas Project provides a list of attack surfaces that should be understood by manufacturers, developers, security researchers, and those looking to deploy or implement IoT technologies within their organizations.

Project Leaders

 * Daniel Miessler
 * Craig Smith

Related Projects

 * The OWASP Mobile Top 10 Project
 * The OWASP Web Top 10 Project

Collaboration
The Slack Channel

Quick Download

 * Coming Soon

News and Events

 * Coming Soon


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= IoT Vulnerabilities =



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IoT Vulnerabilities Project

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What is the IoT Vulnerabilities Project?
The IoT Vulnerabilities Project provides:


 * Information on the top IoT vulnerabilities
 * The attack surface associated with the vulnerability
 * A summary of the vulnerability

Project Leaders

 * Daniel Miessler
 * Craig Smith

Related Projects

 * OWASP Mobile Security
 * OWASP Web Top 10

Collaboration
The Slack Channel

Resources

 * Top 10 IoT Vulnerabilities from 2014

News and Events

 * Coming Soon


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= Medical Devices =



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Medical Device Testing
The Medical Device Testing project is intended to provide some basic attack surface considerations that should be evaluated before shipping Medical Device equipment.


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What is the Medical Attack Surfaces project?
The Medical Attack Surfaces project provides:


 * A simple way for testers, manufacturers, developers, and users to get an understanding of the complexity of a modern medical environment
 * Allows people to visualize the numerous attack surfaces that need to be defended within medical equipment ecosystems

Project Leaders

 * Daniel Miessler

Related Projects

 * OWASP Mobile Security
 * OWASP Web Top 10

Collaboration
The Slack Channel

Resources

 * IoT Firmware Analysis Primer
 * Online Trust Alliance - Internet of Things
 * Pre-compiled QEMU images
 * Firmware Modification Kit
 * Short Firmware Extraction Video
 * Firmware Emulation with QEMU
 * File Extraction from Network Capture

News and Events

 * Daniel Miessler presented on using Adaptive Testing Methodologies to evaluate the security of medical devices at RSA 2017.


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= Firmware Analysis =



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Firmware Analysis Project
The Firmware Analysis Project is intended to provide security testing guidance for the IoT Attack Surface "Device Firmware":

Firmware Security Testing Methodology

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What is the Firmware Analysis Project?
The Firmware Analysis Project provides:


 * Security testing guidance for vulnerabilities in the "Device Firmware" attack surface
 * Steps for extracting file systems from various firmware files
 * Guidance on searching a file systems for sensitive of interesting data
 * Information on static analysis of firmware contents
 * Information on dynamic analysis of emulated services (e.g. web admin interface)
 * Testing tool links
 * A site for pulling together existing information on firmware analysis

Project Leaders

 * Craig Smith

Related Projects

 * OWASP Mobile Security
 * OWASP Web Top 10
 * OWASP Embedded Application Security Project

Collaboration
The Slack Channel

Resources

 * IoT Firmware Analysis Primer
 * Online Trust Alliance - Internet of Things
 * Pre-compiled QEMU images
 * Firmware Modification Kit
 * Short Firmware Extraction Video
 * Firmware Emulation with QEMU
 * File Extraction from Network Capture

News and Events

 * Coming Soon


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= IoT Event Logging Project=



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IoT Logging Events
This is a working draft of the recommended minimum IoT Device logging events. This includes many  different types of devices, including consumer IoT, enterprise IoT, and ICS/SCADA type devices.


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What is the IoT Security Logging Project?
The IoT Secure Logging Project provides a list of core events that should be logged in any IoT-related system. The project exists because IoT systems in general are not logging nearly enough events to constitute input for a solid detection and response program around IoT devices, and for companies that want to do this there are not many good resources for what should be logged.

Project Leaders

 * Daniel Miessler

Related Projects

 * The OWASP AppSensor Project

Collaboration
The Slack Channel

Quick Download

 * Coming Soon

News and Events

 * Coming Soon

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ICS/SCADA Project
The OWASP ICS/SCADA Top 10 software weaknesses are as follows:
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What is the ICS/SCADA Project?
The ICS/SCADA Project provides:
 * A list of the Top 10 most dangerous software weaknesses

Project Leaders

 * NJ Ouchn

Related Projects

 * OWASP Mobile Security
 * OWASP Web Top 10

Collaboration
The Slack Channel

Quick Download

 * Coming Soon

News and Events

 * Coming Soon
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= Community =

I Am The Cavalry

A global grassroots organization that is focused on issues where computer security intersects public safety and human life.

Their areas of focus include:
 * Medical devices
 * Automobiles
 * Home Electronics
 * Public Infrastructure

Online Trust Alliance

Formed as an informal industry working group in 2005, today OTA is an Internal Revenue Service (IRS) approved 501c3 charitable organization with the mission to enhance online trust and empower users, while promoting innovation and the vitality of the internet. OTA is global organization supported by over 100 organizations headquartered in Bellevue, Washington with offices in Washington DC.

Addressing the mounting concerns, in January 2015 the Online Trust Alliance, established the IoT Trustworthy Working Group (ITWG), a multi-stakeholder initiative. The group recognizes “security and privacy by design” must be a priority from the onset of product development and be addressed holistically. The framework focuses on privacy, security sustainability. The sustainability pillar is critical as it looks at the life-cycle issues related to long- term supportability and transfers of ownership of devices and the data collected.

AllSeen Alliance

The AllSeen Alliance is a Linux Foundation collaborative project. They're a cross-industry consortium dedicated to enabling the interoperability of billions of devices, services and apps that comprise the Internet of Things. The Alliance supports the AllJoyn Framework, an open source software framework that makes it easy for devices and apps to discover and communicate with each other. Developers can write applications for interoperability regardless of transport layer, manufacturer, and without the need for Internet access. The software has been and will continue to be openly available for developers to download, and runs on popular platforms such as Linux and Linux-based Android, iOS, and Windows, including many other lightweight real-time operating systems.

The Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC)

The Industrial Internet Consortium is the open membership, international not-for-profit consortium that is setting the architectural framework and direction for the Industrial Internet. Founded by AT&T, Cisco, GE, IBM and Intel in March 2014, the consortium’s mission is to coordinate vast ecosystem initiatives to connect and integrate objects with people, processes and data using common architectures, interoperability and open standards.

Securing Smart Cities

Securing Smart Cities is a not-for-profit global initiative that aims to solve the existing and future cybersecurity problems of smart cities through collaboration between companies, governments, media outlets, other not-for-profit initiatives and individuals across the world.

Talks
RSA Conference San Francisco Securing the Internet of Things: Mapping IoT Attack Surface Areas with the OWASP IoT Top 10 Project Daniel Miessler, Practice Principal April 21, 2015 --- Defcon 23 IoT Attack Surface Mapping Daniel Miessler August 6-9, 2015

Podcasts

 * The Internet of Things Podcast
 * IoT Inc
 * IoT This Week
 * Farstuff: The Internet of Things Podcast

IoT Conferences

 * Internet of Things Events

Conference Call for Papers
 * WikiCFP - Internet of Things
 * WikiCFP - IoT

=Project About=