Testing for Credentials Transported over an Encrypted Channel (OTG-AUTHN-001)

This is a draft of a section of the new Testing Guide v3

Brief Summary
The problem we are going to discuss is to verify that authentication data that we are sending are actually transferred via en encrypted channel to avoid being intercepted by some malicious user. The analysis focus simply on trying to understand if our data travel unencrypted from our web browser to the server or if the web application takes the appropriate security measures using a protocol like HTTPS. This protocol, like others that use encryption, is built on TLS/SSL to encrypt the data that we want to transmit and to ensure that we are sending them towards the desired site. Clearly, the fact that our traffic is encrypted does not necessarily means that it's completely safe. The security also depends from the encryption algorithm used and from the robustness of the keys that we are using. But this particular topic will not be addressed in this section, for a more detailed discussion on testing the safety of our TLS/SSL channel you can refer to chapter Testing for SSL-TLS. We will just try to understand if the data that we put into the web form, in order to log into a web site, are transmitted using sure protocols that protect them from an attacker or not. To do this we will consider various examples.

Description of the Issue
Nowadays, the most common example of this issue is the login page of a web application. This page may use several methods to authenticate the user, but, apart which method it uses, we want to be sure that in the transaction that is established between clients (the web browsers) and server (the application itself), sensitive data (in this case username and password) are transmitted via en encrypted channel. In order to log into a web site, usually we have to fill a simple form that passes the inserted data with the POST method. What is less obvious is that these data can be passed using the HTTP protocol, and then in a non-secure way, or using HTTPS which encrypts the data. To further complicate things, there is the possibility that the site has the login page accessible via HTTP (making us believe to an insecure transmission), but then it actually sends data via HTTPS.We do this because we want to be sure that an attacker can not be able to retrieve sensitive information simply sniffing the net with a sniffer tool. Using HTTPS prevents packet sniffing and Man In The Middle attacks.

Black Box testing and example
In the following examples we will use WebScarab in order to capture packet headers and to inspect them. Aniway you can use any web proxy that you prefer.

Case study: Sending data with POST method through HTTP

We suppose that our login page presents a form with fields User, Pass and the Submit button to authenticate and have access to the application. If we look at the header of our request with WebScarab, we get something like this: POST http://www.example.com/AuthenticationServlet HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; it; rv:1.8.1.14) Gecko/20080404 Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml Accept-Language: it-it,it;q=0.8,en-us;q=0.5,en;q=0.3 Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate Accept-Charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7 Keep-Alive: 300 Connection: keep-alive Referer: http://www.example.com/index.jsp Cookie: JSESSIONID=LVrRRQQXgwyWpW7QMnS49vtW1yBdqn98CGlkP4jTvVCGdyPkmn3S! Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded Content-length: 64

delegated_service=218&User=test&Pass=test&Submit=SUBMIT

From this example we can understand that the POST sends the data to the page www.example.com/AuthenticationServlet simply using HTTP. So, in this case, data are transmitted without encryption and a malicious user could read our username and password simply sniffing the net with a tool like Wireshark.

Case study: Sending data with POST method through HTTPS

Suppose that our web application uses the HTTPS protocol to encrypt data we are sending (or at least for those relating to the authentication). In this case, trying to access the login page and to authenticate, the header of our POST request would be similar to the following:

POST https://www.exmple.com:443/cgi-bin/login.cgi HTTP/1.1 Host: www.exmple.com User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; it; rv:1.8.1.14) Gecko/20080404 Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html Accept-Language: it-it,it;q=0.8,en-us;q=0.5,en;q=0.3 Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate Accept-Charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7 Keep-Alive: 300 Connection: keep-alive Referer: https://www.exmple.com/cgi-bin/login.cgi Cookie: language=English; Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded Content-length: 50

Command=Login&Username=test&Password=test

Result Expected: ...

Gray Box testing and example
Testing for Topic X vulnerabilities: ... Result Expected: ...