The OWASP Testing Framework

Overview
This section describes a typical testing framework that can be developed within an organization. It can be seen as a reference framework that comprises techniques and tasks that are appropriate at various phases of the software development life cycle (SDLC). Companies and project teams can use this model to develop their own testing framework and to scope testing services from vendors. This framework should not be seen as prescriptive, but as a flexible approach that can be extended and molded to fit an organization’s development process and culture.

This section aims to help organizations build a complete strategic testing process, and is not aimed at consultants or contractors who tend to be engaged in more tactical, specific areas of testing.

It is critical to understand why building an end-to-end testing framework is crucial to assessing and improving software security. Howard and LeBlanc note in Writing Secure Code that issuing a security bulletin costs Microsoft at least $100,000, and it costs their customers collectively far more than that to implement the security patches. They also note that the US government’s CyberCrime web site ( http://www.cybercrime.gov/cccases.html ) details recent criminal cases and the loss to organizations. Typical losses far exceed USD $100,000.

With economics like this, it is little wonder why software vendors move from solely performing black box security testing, which can only be performed on applications that have already been developed, to concentrate on the early cycles of application development such as definition, design, and development.

Many security practitioners still see security testing in the realm of penetration testing. As shown in Chapter 3:, and by the framework, while penetration testing has a role to play, it is generally inefficient at finding bugs and relies excessively on the skill of the tester. It should only be considered as an implementation technique, or to raise awareness of production issues. To improve the security of applications, the security quality of the software must be improved. That means testing the security at the definition, design, develop, deploy, and maintenance stages, and not relying on the costly strategy of waiting until code is completely built.

As discussed in the introduction of this document, there are many development methodologies such as the Rational Unified Process, eXtreme and Agile development, and traditional waterfall methodologies. The intent of this guide is to suggest neither a particular development methodology nor provide specific guidance that adheres to any particular methodology. Instead, we are presenting a generic development model, and the reader should follow it according to their company process.

This testing framework consists of the following activities that should take place:


 * Before Development Begins
 * During Definition and Design
 * During Development
 * During Deployment
 * Maintenance and Operations

Phase 1 — Before Development Begins
Before application development has started:


 * Test to ensure that there is an adequate SDLC where security is inherent.
 * Test to ensure that the appropriate policy and standards are in place for the development team.
 * Develop the metrics and measurement criteria.

Phase 1A: Policies and Standards Review
Ensure that there are appropriate policies, standards, and documentation in place. Documentation is extremely important as it gives development teams guidelines and policies that they can follow.

People can only do the right thing, if they know what the right thing is. 

If the application is to be developed in Java, it is essential that there is a Java secure coding standard. If the application is to use cryptography, it is essential that there is a cryptography standard. No policies or standards can cover every situation that the development team will face. By documenting the common and predictable issues, there will be fewer decisions that need to be made during the development process.

Phase 1B: Develop Measurement and Metrics Criteria (Ensure Traceability)
Before development begins, plan the measurement program. By defining criteria that needs to be measured, it provides visibility into defects in both the process and product. It is essential to define the metrics before development begins, as there may be a need to modify the process in order to capture the data.

Phase 2A: Security Requirements Review
Security requirements define how an application works from a security perspective. It is essential that the security requirements be tested. Testing in this case means testing the assumptions that are made in the requirements, and testing to see if there are gaps in the requirements definitions.

For example, if there is a security requirement that states that users must be registered before they can get access to the whitepapers section of a website, does this mean that the user must be registered with the system, or should the user be authenticated? Ensure that requirements are as unambiguous as possible.

When looking for requirements gaps, consider looking at security mechanisms such as:


 * User Management (password reset etc.)
 * Authentication
 * Authorization
 * Data Confidentiality
 * Integrity
 * Accountability
 * Session Management
 * Transport Security
 * Privacy

Phase 2B: Design an Architecture Review
Applications should have a documented design and architecture. By documented we mean models, textual documents, and other similar artifacts. It is essential to test these artifacts to ensure that the design and architecture enforce the appropriate level of security as defined in the requirements.

Identifying security flaws in the design phase is not only one of the most cost efficient places to identify flaws, but can be one of the most effective places to make changes. For example, being able to identify that the design calls for authorization decisions to be made in multiple places; it may be appropriate to consider a central authorization component. If the application is performing data validation at multiple places, it may be appropriate to develop a central validation framework (fixing input validation in one place, rather than hundreds of places, is far cheaper).

If weaknesses are discovered, they should be given to the system architect for alternative approaches.

Phase 2C: Create and Review UML Models
Once the design and architecture is complete, build UML models that describe how the application works. In some cases, these may already be available. Use these models to confirm with the systems designers an exact understanding of how the application works. If weaknesses are discovered, they should be given to the system architect for alternative approaches.

Phase 2D: Create and Review Threat Models
Armed with design and architecture reviews, and the UML models explaining exactly how the system works, undertake a threat modeling exercise. Develop realistic threat scenarios. Analyze the design and architecture to ensure that these threats have been mitigated, accepted by the business, or assigned to a third party, such as an insurance firm. When identified threats have no mitigation strategies, revisit the design and architecture with the systems architect to modify the design.

Phase 3: During Development
Theoretically, development is the implementation of a design. However, in the real world, many design decisions are made during code development. These are often smaller decisions that were either too detailed to be described in the design, or in other cases, issues where no policy or standards guidance was offered. If the design and architecture was not adequate, the developer will be faced with many decisions. If there were insufficient policies and standards, the developer will be faced with even more decisions.

Phase 3A: Code Walkthroughs
The security team should perform a code walkthrough with the developers, and in some cases, the system architects. A code walkthrough is a high-level walkthrough of the code where the developers can explain the logic and flow. It allows the code review team to obtain a general understanding of the code, and allows the developers to explain why certain things were developed the way they were.

The purpose is not to perform a code review, but to understand the flow at a high-level, the layout, and the structure of the code that makes up the application.

Phase 3B: Code Reviews
Armed with a good understanding of how the code is structured and why certain things were coded the way they were, the tester can now examine the actual code for security defects.

Static code reviews validate the code against a set of checklists, including:

In terms of return on resources invested (mostly time), static code reviews produce far higher quality returns than any other security review method, and rely least on the skill of the reviewer, within reason. However, they are not a silver bullet, and need to be considered carefully within a full-spectrum testing regime.
 * Business requirements for availability, confidentiality, and integrity
 * OWASP Guide or Top 10 Checklists (depending on the depth of the review) for technical exposures
 * Specific issues relating to the language or framework in use, such as the Scarlet paper for PHP or Microsoft Secure Coding checklists for ASP.NET
 * Any industry specific requirements, such as Sarbanes-Oxley 404, COPPA, ISO 17799, APRA, HIPAA, Visa Merchant guidelines or other regulatory regimes

For more details on OWASP checklists, please refer to OWASP Guide for Secure Web Applications, or the latest edition of the OWASP Top 10.

Phase 4A: Application Penetration Testing
Having tested the requirements, analyzed the design, and performed code review, it might be assumed that all issues have been caught. Hopefully, this is the case, but penetration testing the application after it has been deployed provides a last check to ensure that nothing has been missed.

Phase 4B: Configuration Management Testing
The application penetration test should include the checking of how the infrastructure was deployed and secured. While the application may be secure, a small aspect of the configuration could still be at a default install stage and vulnerable to exploitation.

Phase 5A: Conduct Operational Management Reviews
There needs to be a process in place which details how the operational side, of the application and infrastructure, is managed.

Phase 5B: Conduct Periodic Health Checks
Monthly or quarterly health checks should be performed on both the application and infrastructure to ensure no new security risks have been introduced and that the level of security is still intact.

Phase 5C: Ensure Change Verification
After every change has been approved and tested in the QA environment and deployed into the production environment, it is vital that as part of the change management process, the change is checked to ensure that the level of security hasn’t been affected by the change.

A Typical SDLC Testing Workflow
The following figure shows a typical SDLC Testing Workflow.