The Owasp Orizon Framework

OWASP Code Review Guide Table of Contents

Introduction
A lot of open source projects exist in the wild, performing static code review analysis. This is good, it means that source code testing for security issues is becoming a constraint.

Such tools bring a lot of valuable points:
 * community support
 * source code freely available to anyone
 * costs

On the other side, these tools don't share the most valuable point among them: the security knowledge. All these tools have their own security library, containing a lot of checks, without sharing such knowledge.

In 2006, the Owasp Orizon project wass born to provide a common underlying layer to all opensource projects concerning static analysis.

Orizon project includes:
 * a set of APIs that developers can use to build their own security tool performing static analysis.
 * a security library with checks to apply to source code.
 * a tool, Milk, which is able to static analyze a source code using Orizon Framework.

The Owasp Orizon Architecture
In the following picture, the Owasp Orizon version 1.0 architecture is shown. As you may see, the framework is organized in engines that perform tasks over the source code and a block of tools that are deployed out of the box in order to use the APIs in a real world static analysis.



With all such elements, a developer can be scared to use the framework; that's why a special entity called SkyLine was created. Before going further into SkyLine analysis, it's very important to understand all the elements Orizon is made of.

Your personal butler: the SkyLine class
Named core in the architectural picture, the SkyLine object is one of the most valuable services in Orizon version 1.0.

The idea behind SkyLine is simple: as the Orizon architecture becomes wider, regular developers may be scared about understanding a lot of APIs in order to build their security tool, so we can help them providing "per service" support.

Using SkyLine object, developers can request services from the Orizon framework waiting for their accomplishment.

The main SkyLine input is:

public boolean launch(String service)

Passing the requested service as string parameter, the calling program will receive a boolean true return value if the service can be accomplished or a false value otherwise.

The service name is compared to the ones understood by the framework:

'''private int goodService(String service) { ''' int ret = -1; ''' if (service.equalsIgnoreCase("init")) '''     ret = Cons.OC_SERVICE_INIT_FRAMEWORK; ''' if (service.equalsIgnoreCase("translate")) '''     ret = Cons.OC_SERVICE_INIT_TRANSLATE; ''' if (service.equalsIgnoreCase("static_analysis")) '''     ret = Cons.OC_SERVICE_STATIC_ANALYSIS; ''' if (service.equalsIgnoreCase("score")) '''     ret = Cons.OC_SERVICE_SCORE; ''' return ret; '''}

The secondary feature introduced in this first major framework release is the support for command line option given to the user.

If the calling program passes command line option to Orizon framework using SkyLine, the framework will be tuned accordingly to the given values.

This example will explain better:

'''public static void main(String[] args) { '''  String fileName = "";   OldRecipe r;    DefaultLibrary dl;    SkyLine skyLine = new SkyLine(args);

That's all folks! Internally, the SkyLine constructor, when it creates a code review session, uses the values it was able to understand from command line.

The command line format must follow this convention

''' -o orizon_key=value or the long format ''' --orizon orizon_key=value

And these are the keys that the framework cares about:
 * "input-name"
 * "input-kind"
 * "working-dir"
 * "lang"
 * "recurse"
 * "output-format"
 * "scan-type";

The org.owasp.orizon.Cons class contains a detailed section about these keys with some comments and with their default value.

The only side effect is that calling program can use -o flag for its purpose. SkyLine is contained in the org.owasp.orizon package.

Give me something to remind: the Session class
Another big feature introduced in Owasp Orizon version 1.0 is the code review session concept. One of the missing features in earlier versions was the capability to track the state of the code review process.

A Session class instance contains all the properties specified using SkyLine and it is their owner giving access to properties upon request. It contains a SessionInfo array containing information about each file being reviewed.

Ideally, a user tool will never call Session directly, but it must use SkyLine as interface. Of course anyone is free to override this suggestion.

Looking at the launch method code, inside the SkyLine class, you can look how session instance is prompted to execute services.

'''public boolean launch(String service) { '''  int code, stats; '''  boolean ret = false;    if ( (code = goodService(service)) == -1) '''     return log.error("unknown service: " + service); '''  switch (code) { '''      // init service '''      case Cons.OC_SERVICE_INIT_FRAMEWORK: '''           ret = session.init; '''           break; '''      // translation service '''      case Cons.OC_SERVICE_INIT_TRANSLATE: '''           stats = session.collectStats; '''           if (stats > 0) { '''              log.warning(stats + " files failed in collecting statistics."); '''              ret = false; '''           } else '''              ret = true; '''           break; '''      // static analysis service '''      case Cons.OC_SERVICE_STATIC_ANALYSIS: '''           ret = session.staticReview; '''           break; '''      // score service '''      case Cons.OC_SERVICE_SCORE: '''           break; '''      default: '''           return log.error("unknown service: " + service);       }        return ret; '''}

Internally, the Session instance will ask each SessionInfo object to execute services. Let us consider the Session class method that executes the static analysis service.

/**  * Starts a static analysis over the files being reviewed  *    * @return true if static analysis can be performed or false ''' *         if one or more files fail being analyzed.  */ public boolean staticReview { '''  boolean ret = true; '''  if (!active) '''     return log.error("can't perform a static analysis over an inactive session."); '''  for (int i = 0; i < sessions.length; i++) { '''      if (! sessions[i].staticReview) '''         ret = false;   }    return ret; '''}

Where sessions variable is declared as: '''private SessionInfo[] sessions;

As you may see, the Session object delegates service accomplishment to SessionInfo once collecting the final results.

In fact, SessionInfo objects are the ones talking with Orizon internals performing the real work.

The following method is stolen from org.owasp.orizon.SessionInfo class.

/**  * Perform a static analysis over the given file  *    * A full static analysis is a mix from:  *    *  * local analysis (control flow) ''' *  * global analysis (call graph) ''' *  * taint propagation ''' *  * statistics  *    *  '  * @return true'' if the file being reviewed doesn't violate any ' *         security check, false'' otherwise.  */   public boolean staticReview { '''    boolean ret = false; '''    s = new Source(getStatFileName); '''    ret = s.analyzeStats;     ...      return ret; ''' }

The Translation Factory
One of the Owasp Orizon goals is to be independent from the source language being analyzed. This means that Owasp Orizon will support: Such support is granted using an intermediate file format to describe the source code and used to apply the security checks. Such format is XML language.
 * Java
 * C, C++
 * C#
 * perl

A source code, before static analysis is started, is translated into XML. Starting from version 1.0, each source code is translated in 4 XML files:
 * an XML file containing statistical information
 * an XML file containing variables tracking information
 * an XML file containing program control flow (local analysis)
 * an XML file containing call graph (global analysis)

As the time this document is written (Owasp Orizon v1.0pre1, September 2008) only Java programming language is supported, however other programming language will follow soon.

Translation phase is requested from org.owasp.orizon.SessionInfo.inspect method. Depending from the source file language, the appropriate Translator is called and the scan method is called.

 /**   * Inspects the source code, building AST trees '''  * @return   */    public boolean inspect { '''     boolean ret = false; '''     switch (language) { '''        case Cons.O_JAVA: '''            t = new JavaTranslator; '''            if (!t.scan(getInFileName)) '''               return log.error("can't scan " + getInFileName + "."); '''               ret = true; '''        break; '''        default: '''            log.error("can't inspect language: " + Cons.name(language)); '''        break;      }       return ret; '''  }

Scan method is an abstract method defined in org.owasp.orizon.translator.DefaultTranslator class and declared as the following: ''' public abstract boolean scan(String in);

Every class implementing DefaultTranslator must implement how to scan the source file and build ASTs in this method.

Aside from scan method, there are four abstract method needful to create XML input files.

''' public abstract boolean statService(String in, String out); ''' public abstract boolean callGraphService(String in, String out); ''' public abstract boolean dataFlowService(String in, String out); ''' public abstract boolean controlFlowService(String in, String out);

All these methods are called in the translator method, the one implemented directly from DefaultTranslator class.

''' public final boolean translate(String in, String out, int service) { '''   if (!isGoodService(service)) '''      return false; '''   if (!scanned) '''      if (!scan(in)) '''         return log.error(in+ ": scan has been failed"); '''   switch (service) { '''     case Cons.OC_TRANSLATOR_STAT: '''         return statService(in, out); '''     case Cons.OC_TRANSLATOR_CF: '''         return controlFlowService(in, out); '''     case Cons.OC_TRANSLATOR_CG: '''         return callGraphService(in, out); '''     case Cons.OC_TRANSLATOR_DF: '''         return dataFlowService(in, out); '''     default: '''         return log.error("unknown service code");    }  }

So, when from a language specific translator is prompted for translate method, this recalls the language specific service methods.

Every translator contains as private field a language specific scanner containing ASTs to be used in input file generation.

Consider org.owasp.orizon.translator.java.JavaTranslator class, it is declared as follows:

''' public class JavaTranslator extends DefaultTranslator { '''  static SourcePositions positions;   private JavaScanner j;    ...

JavaScanner is a class from org.owasp.orizon.translator.java package and it uses Sun JDK 6 Compiler API to scan a java file creating in memory ASTs. Trees are created in scan method, implemented for Java source language as follow:

''' public final boolean scan(String in) { '''   boolean ret = false; '''   String[] parms = { in }; '''   Trees trees;  		    JavaCompiler compiler = ToolProvider.getSystemJavaCompiler; '''   if (compiler == null) '''      return log.error("I can't find a suitable JAVA compiler. Is a JDK installed?");  	    DiagnosticCollector diagnostics = new DiagnosticCollector; '''   StandardJavaFileManager fileManager = compiler.getStandardFileManager(diagnostics, null, null); '''   Iterable<? extends JavaFileObject> fileObjects = fileManager.getJavaFileObjects(parms);     JavacTask task = (com.sun.source.util.JavacTask) compiler.getTask(null,fileManager, diagnostics, null, null, fileObjects);     try { '''       trees = Trees.instance(task); '''       positions = trees.getSourcePositions; '''       Iterable<? extends CompilationUnitTree> asts = task.parse; '''       for (CompilationUnitTree ast : asts) { '''           j = new JavaScanner(positions, ast); '''           j.scan(ast, null);        }         scanned = true; '''       return true; '''   } catch (IOException e) { '''       return log.fatal("an exception occured while translate " + in + ": " +e.getLocalizedMessage);    }  }

Statistical gathering
To implement statistic information gathering, DefaultTranslator abstract method statService must be implemented. In the following example, the method is the JavaTranslator's one. Statistics information are stored in JavaScanner object itself and retrieved by getStats method.

''' public final boolean statService(String in, String out) { '''   boolean ret = false;  		    if (!scanned) '''      return log.error(in + ": call scan before asking translation..."); '''   log.debug(". Entering statService: collecting stats for: " + in); '''   try { '''       createXmlFile(out); '''       xmlInit; '''       xml(" "); '''       xmlEnd;     } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { '''   } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) { '''   } catch (IOException e) { '''       ret = log.error("an exception occured: " + e.getMessage);    }     ret = true; '''   log.debug("stats written into: " + out); '''   log.debug(". Leaving statService"); '''   return ret; ''' }

Reference
To anyone interested in Owasp Orizon framework, you can use the following links:
 * main page @ Owasp: http://www.owasp.org/index.php/Category:OWASP_Orizon_Project
 * main site @ SourceForge: http://orizon.sourceforge.net
 * blog: http://orizon.sourceforge.net/blog
 * author page @ Owasp: http://www.owasp.org/index.php/User:Thesp0nge

You can drop also a line to Orizon author: [mailto:thesp0nge@owasp.org thesp0nge@owasp.org] foo